Fig. 5

Simulation of fir colonization in pine stands. a Diagrams of a 400 m long transect showing fir (in dark) regeneration spread and height growth within a pine (in bright) stand neighboring a fir stand, at time t, t + 30 years, t + 60 years. b On these maps (at t + 60 years), pine trees are hidden in order to show more clearly the progression of the fir in the pine stands, covered either with a complete grid of cells (cell width is 10 m), with nine-cell groups (60 m between groups in both directions), or transects of cells (stand on the left) and nine-cell groups (40 m between groups, stand on the right). The white rectangle represents the part shown in Fig. 5a