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Table 2 Silver fir colonization under a Scots pine canopy after 50 and 90 years: comparison of 3 spatial sampling schemes with the complete cell grid

From: Joint simulation of stand dynamics and landscape evolution using a tree-level model for mixed uneven-aged forests

Time

Criterion

SSS

Distance from the initial front:

200 m

400 m

600 m

800 m

1,000 m

1,200 m

1,400 m

1,600 m

1,800 m

50 years

BAFir m²/ha

CG

3.6 [3.2–4.0, sd: 0.2]

1.5 [1.4–1.7, sd: 0.1]

0.9 [0.9–1.0, sd: 0.1]

0.7 [0.6–0.8, sd: 0.1]

0.4 [0.3–0.5, sd: 0.1]

0.2 [0.2–0.3, sd: 0.0]

0.1 [0.1–0.2, sd: 0.0]

0 [0–0, sd: 0]

0 [0–0, sd: 0]

100S

3.2 [2.5–3.8, sd: 0.3]

1.6 [1.2–1.7, sd: 0.1]

0.9 [0.5–1.2, sd: 0.2]

0.7 [0.5–0.9, sd: 0.1]

0.4 [0.2–0.7, sd: 0.1]

0.2 [0.1–0.4, sd: 0.1]

0.1 [0.1–0.2, sd: 0.0]

0 [0–0, sd: 0]

0 [0–0, sd: 0]

200S

**3.0 [1.8–3.9, sd: 0.5]

1.5 [1.2–1.9, sd: 0.2]

0.8 [0.4–1.2, sd: 0.2]

0.7 [0.4–1.1, sd: 0.2]

0.4 [0.2–0.7, sd: 0.1]

0.3 [0.1–0.6, sd: 0.1]

0.1 [0.0–0.3, sd: 0.1]

0 [0–0, sd: 0]

0 [0–0, sd: 0]

TRS

**3.4 [2.6–4.8, sd: 0.6]

1.5 [0.6–2.3, sd: 0.5]

0.9 [0.3–1.4, sd: 0.3]

0.6 [0.2–1.2, sd: 0.2]

0.4 [0.4–0.5, sd: 0.0]

**0.2 [0.1–0.6, sd: 0.1]

0.1 [0.0–0.3, sd: 0.1]

0 [0–0.2, sd: 0.0]

0 [0–0, sd: 0]

N3/ha

CG

172 [153–190, sd: 10]

73 [67–80, sd: 4]

45 [40–50, sd: 3]

34 [27–39, sd: 3]

21 [14–26, sd: 3]

13 [8–16, sd: 2]

6 [4–8, sd: 1]

1 [0–2, sd: 1]

0 [0–0, sd: 0]

100S

153 [110–190, sd: 19]

76 [54–85, sd: 7]

46 [23–62, sd: 8]

33 [20–43, sd: 6]

20 [13–31, sd: 5]

12 [5–18, sd: 4]

6 [3–11, sd: 2]

0 [0–1, sd: 1]

0 [0–0, sd: 0]

200S

*143 [82–191, sd: 25]

70 [53–82, sd: 8]

41 [24–56, sd: 10]

34 [22–53, sd: 9]

20 [11–38, sd: 6]

13 [4–24, sd: 6]

7 [2–18, sd: 4]

0 [0–2, sd: 1]

0 [0–0, sd: 0]

TRS

**163 [67–244, sd: 40]

73 [33–128, sd: 25]

*41 [6–61, sd: 16]

32 [11–56, sd: 13]

21 [17–25, sd: 2]

**11 [0–33, sd: 8]

5 [0–17, sd: 5]

0 [0–6, sd: 1]

0 [0–0, sd: 0]

BA3 m2/ha

CG

2.7 [2.3–3.1, sd: 0.2]

1.2 [1.0–1.3, sd: 0.1]

0.7 [0.7–0.8, sd: 0.0]

0.5 [0.4–0.6, sd: 0.1]

0.3 [0.2–0.4, sd: 0.1]

0.2 [0.1–0.3, sd: 0.0]

0.1 [0.1–0.1, sd: 0.0]

0 [0–0, sd: 0]

0 [0–0, sd: 0]

100S

2.4 [1.6–2.9, sd: 0.3]

1.2 [0.8–1.4, sd: 0.1]

0.7 [0.3–1.0, sd: 0.2]

0.5 [0.3–0.7, sd: 0.1]

0.3 [0.1–0.6, sd: 0.1]

0.2 [0.1–0.3, sd: 0.1]

0.1 [0.0–0.2, sd: 0.0]

0 [0–0, sd: 0]

0 [0–0, sd: 0]

200S

**2.3 [1.2–3.0, sd: 0.4]

1.1 [0.8–1.4, sd: 0.2]

0.6 [0.3–0.9, sd: 0.2]

0.6 [0.3–0.9, sd: 0.2]

0.3 [0.2–0.6, sd: 0.1]

0.2 [0.1–0.4, sd: 0.1]

0.1 [0.0–0.3, sd: 0.1]

0 [0–0, sd: 0]

0 [0–0, sd: 0]

TRS

**2.7 [1.3–4.1, sd: 0.7]

1.2 [0.4–2.0, sd: 0.5]

0.7 [0.1–1.2, sd: 0.3]

0.5 [0.2–0.9, sd: 0.2]

0.3 [0.3–0.4, sd: 0.0]

**0.2 [0.0–0.6, sd: 0.2]

0.1 [0.0–0.3, sd: 0.1]

0 [0–0.2, sd: 0.0]

0 [0–0, sd: 0]

BAM m2/ha

CG

1.5 [1.2–1.8, sd: 0.2]

0.6 [0.5–0.8, sd: 0.1]

0.4 [0.3–0.5, sd: 0.0]

0.3 [0.2–0.4, sd: 0.0]

0.2 [0.1–0.3, sd: 0.0]

0.1 [0.1–0.2, sd: 0.0]

0 [0–0.1, sd: 0.0]

0 [0–0, sd: 0]

0 [0–0, sd: 0]

100S

1.3 [0.9–1.6, sd: 0.2]

0.6 [0.3–0.9, sd: 0.1]

0.4 [0.1–0.7, sd: 0.1]

0.3 [0.1–0.5, sd: 0.1]

0.2 [0.1–0.4, sd: 0.1]

0.1 [0.0–0.2, sd: 0.1]

0 [0–0.1, sd: 0.0]

0 [0–0, sd: 0]

0 [0–0, sd: 0]

200S

*1.2 [0.3–2.0, sd: 0.4]

0.6 [0.2–0.9, sd: 0.2]

0.3 [0.1–0.6, sd: 0.1]

0.3 [0.2–0.6, sd: 0.1]

0.2 [0.0–0.3, sd: 0.1]

0.1 [0.0–0.4, sd: 0.1]

0 [0–0.2, sd: 0.0]

0 [0–0, sd: 0]

0 [0–0, sd: 0]

TRS

*1.5 [0.8–2.6, sd: 0.5]

0.7 [0.1–1.2, sd: 0.4]

0.4 [0.0–0.8, sd: 0.2]

0.3 [0.1–0.7, sd: 0.1]

0.2 [0.1–0.2, sd: 0.0]

0.1 [0.0–0.4, sd: 0.1]

0 [0–0.2, sd: 0.1]

0 [0–0.2, sd: 0.0]

0 [0–0, sd: 0]

90 years

BAFir m2/ha

CG

13.7 [12.8–14.9, sd: 0.6]

7.5 [6.9–8.2, sd: 0.3]

5.0 [4.6–5.3, sd: 0.2]

3.8 [3.2–4.4, sd: 0.3]

2.6 [2.1–3.2, sd: 0.3]

1.6 [1.2–2.2, sd: 0.3]

0.8 [0.5–1.1, sd: 0.2]

0.2 [0.1–0.4, sd: 0.1]

0.1 [0–0.1, sd: 0.0]

100S

12.9 [10.6–15.6, sd: 1.2]

7.4 [5.6–9.3, sd: 0.8]

5.1 [3.6–6.3, sd: 0.6]

3.8 [2.5–5.2, sd: 0.7]

2.4 [1.5–3.6, sd: 0.6]

1.6 [0.8–2.4, sd: 0.5]

0.7 [0.2–1.2, sd: 0.3]

0.1 [0.0–0.4, sd: 0.1]

0.0 [0–0.1, sd: 0.0]

200S

**12.4 [9.2–14.6, sd: 1.5]

7.3 [5.7–9.3, sd: 1.0]

4.4 [2.8–6.4, sd: 0.9]

3.3 [1.9–5.1, sd: 0.8]

2.2 [1.4–3.8, sd: 0.6]

1.5 [0.6–2.9, sd: 0.6]

0.9 [0.4–3.3, sd: 0.6]

0.1 [0.0–0.5, sd: 0.1]

0.0 [0–0.1, sd: 0.0]

TRS

**12.4 [9.6–14.9, sd: 1.5]

7.2 [4.3–9.9, sd: 1.6]

4.4 [1.6–6.9, sd: 1.5]

3.5 [2.0–6.2, sd: 1.1]

2.3 [1.8–2.8, sd: 0.3]

**1.0 [0.2–2.1, sd: 0.5]

0.6 [0.1–1.3, sd: 0.4]

0.2 [0.0–2.3, sd: 0.5]

0.0 [0–0.2, sd: 0.1]

N3/ha

CG

525 [500–553, sd: 16]

290 [262–319, sd: 17]

196 [165–214, sd: 14]

150 [114–170, sd: 15]

106 [68–129, sd: 18]

66 [40–104, sd: 15]

40 [17–63, sd: 11]

14 [4–28, sd: 7]

5 [2–9, sd: 2]

100S

489 [395–582, sd: 45]

285 [218–368, sd: 38]

204 [109–277, sd: 35]

149 [85–276, sd: 45]

97 [55–187, sd: 35]

66 [30–124, sd: 25]

33 [13–64, sd: 15]

9 [2–30, sd: 8]

4 [0–9, sd: 2]

200S

*476 [376–567, sd: 57]

290 [213–451, sd: 65]

163 [96–256, sd: 41]

127 [62–242, sd: 50]

90 [36–140, sd: 32]

58 [20–153, sd: 34]

36 [11–153, sd: 33]

7 [0–33, sd: 8]

*3 [0–7, sd: 2]

TRS

**462 [378–628, sd: 79]

279 [139–389, sd: 80]

*156 [72–272, sd: 66]

118 [56–206, sd: 46]

87 [67–132, sd: 17]

**39 [11–89, sd: 20]

24 [6–106, sd: 22]

12 [0–150, sd: 33]

3 [0–11, sd: 3]

BA3 m2/ha

CG

12.2 [11.3–13.4, sd: 0.5]

6.2 [5.6–6.9, sd: 0.3]

4.1 [3.8–4.4, sd: 0.2]

3.1 [2.6–3.5, sd: 0.2]

2.1 [1.7–2.6, sd: 0.2]

1.3 [1.0–1.8, sd: 0.2]

0.7 [0.4–0.9, sd: 0.1]

0.2 [0.1–0.3, sd: 0.1]

0 [0–0.1, sd: 0.0]

100S

11.5 [9.3–13.9, sd: 1.1]

6.1 [4.8–7.6, sd: 0.6]

4.2 [3.0–5.3, sd: 0.5]

3.0 [2.1–4.1, sd: 0.5]

2.0 [1.3–2.9, sd: 0.4]

1.2 [0.7–1.9, sd: 0.4]

0.6 [0.2–1.0, sd: 0.2]

0.1 [0.0–0.2, sd: 0.1]

0 [0–0.1, sd: 0.0]

200S

**11.0 [8.1–13.1, sd: 1.3]

6.1 [5.1–7.8, sd: 0.8]

3.6 [2.2–5.5, sd: 0.7]

2.8 [1.5–4.3, sd: 0.7]

1.9 [1.1–3.3, sd: 0.5]

1.2 [0.6–2.1, sd: 0.4]

0.7 [0.2–2.0, sd: 0.4]

0.1 [0.0–0.3, sd: 0.1]

0 [0–0.1, sd: 0.0]

TRS

**11.0 [8.2–13.4, sd: 1.5]

6 [3.2–8.4, sd: 1.4]

3.6 [0.9–5.8, sd: 1.2]

2.8 [1.7–4.7, sd: 0.8]

1.9 [1.6–2.3, sd: 0.2]

**0.9 [0.2–1.8, sd: 0.4]

0.5 [0.1–1.1, sd: 0.3]

0.1 [0.0–1.8, sd: 0.4]

0 [0–0.2, sd: 0.0]

BAM m2/ha

CG

10.1 [9.2–11.3, sd: 0.5]

4.9 [4.3–5.3, sd: 0.3]

3.1 [2.8–3.4, sd: 0.2]

2.3 [2.0–2.6, sd: 0.2]

1.5 [1.2–1.9, sd: 0.2]

0.9 [0.6–1.1, sd: 0.1]

0.4 [0.3–0.6, sd: 0.1]

0 [0–0.1, sd: 0.0]

0 [0–0, sd: 0]

100S

9.4 [7.0–11.6, sd: 1.1]

4.8 [3.9–5.9, sd: 0.5]

3.2 [2.2–3.9, sd: 0.4]

2.3 [1.5–2.9, sd: 0.4]

1.5 [0.9–2.0, sd: 0.3]

0.9 [0.5–1.5, sd: 0.3]

0.4 [0.1–0.6, sd: 0.1]

0 [0–0.1, sd: 0.0]

0 [0–0, sd: 0]

200S

*9.0 [6.6–11.1, sd: 1.2]

4.8 [3.8–5.9, sd: 0.6]

2.9 [1.6–4.8, sd: 0.7]

2.2 [1.1–3.4, sd: 0.5]

1.4 [0.8–2.6, sd: 0.4]

0.9 [0.4–1.4, sd: 0.3]

0.5 [0.1–1.2, sd: 0.2]

0 [0–0.2, sd: 0.0]

0 [0–0, sd: 0]

TRS

*9.0 [6.0–11.8, sd: 1.4]

4.7 [2.2–7.0, sd: 1.2]

2.9 [0.6–5.1, sd: 1.0]

2.3 [1.4–4.3, sd: 0.7]

1.5 [1.2–1.8, sd: 0.1]

0.7 [0.1–1.7, sd: 0.4]

0.4 [0.0–1.0, sd: 0.3]

0 [0–0.4, sd: 0.1]

0 [0–0, sd: 0]

  1. Four criteria measuring colonization progress: basal area of silver fir (BAFir), number (N3) and basal area (BA3) of fir saplings with height over 3 m, basal area of mature silver fir (BAM, age over 40 years and dbh over 15 cm). Three spatial sampling schemes (SSS): 100S, i.e. nine-cell groups every 100 m, 200S, i.e. every 200 m, TRS, i.e. two orthogonal transects, the longest is along the colonization direction (see also Fig. 4). The values are given for the end of the simulation period i.e. after 90 years, and for an intermediate stage (50 years). For each combination of [year × criterion × distance] from the initial front (adjacent silver fir stand), the table displays the mean (in italics) and, in brackets, min–max, and standard deviation (sd) for 20 simulation runs. The three SSS are compared to the complete grid (CG) using Tukey’s HSD test (after a one-way analysis of variance with SSS + CG as the single four-level factor); significant differences are indicated: **p value < 0.01 and *p value < 0.05
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