Table 3 Mean (m) values and coefficient of variation (CV = standard deviation/mean) of specific gravity (γ), specific storage modulus (E′/γ) and damping coefficient (tanδ) for normal heartwood of all studied species
Family | Category | Species | Code | N specimens | N stocks | γ | E′/γ (GPa) | tanδ (10−3) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m | CV (%) | m | CV (%) | m | CV (%) | ||||||
PINA | S | Abies alba Mill. | Abi.al | 4 | 1 | 0.54 | 4 | 30.0 | 5 | 6.7 | 4 |
ACER | Te.H | Acer pseudoplatanus L. | Ace.ps | 1 | 1 | 0.64 | 10.6 | 16.1 | |||
ACER | Te.H | Acer sp. (American) | Ace.sp | 1 | 1 | 0.72 | 10.5 | 11.5 | |||
CAES | Tr.H | Afzelia bipindensis Harms. | Afz.bi | 13 | 5 | 0.82 | 5 | 23.5 | 10 | 4.2 | 7 |
CAES | Tr.H | Afzelia quanzensis Welw. | Afz.qu | 5 | 1 | 0.85 | 7 | 12.7 | 5 | 11.1 | 16 |
LAUR | Tr.H | Aniba canelilla (Kunth) Mez | Ani.ca | 9 | 1 | 1.20 | 2 | 29.1 | 4 | 3.9 | 5 |
ERIC | Te.H | Arbutus unedo L. | Arb.un | 5 | 1 | 0.94 | 2 | 12.0 | 7 | 18.7 | 9 |
SAPO | Tr.H | Baillonella toxisperma Pierre | Bai.to | 6 | 1 | 0.83 | 1 | 21.2 | 3 | 7.2 | 4 |
PAPI | Tr.H | Bobgunnia fistuloides (Harms) Kirkbr. & Wiersema | Bob.fi | 19 | 2 | 0.96 | 5 | 17.3 | 10 | 4.8 | 8 |
PAPI | Tr.H | Bocoa prouacensis Aubl. | Boc.pr | 35 | 5 | 1.26 | 2 | 26.0 | 10 | 4.2 | 12 |
MORA | Tr.H | Brosimum guianense (Aubl.) Huber | Bro.gu | 41 | 11 | 1.31 | 2 | 22.5 | 7 | 5.4 | 10 |
MORA | Tr.H | Brosimum rubescens Taub. | Bro.ru | 39 | 7 | 0.99 | 6 | 23.3 | 11 | 4.5 | 8 |
MORA | Tr.H | Brosimum utile Pitt. | Bro.ut | 5 | 1 | 0.47 | 3 | 21.7 | 8 | 8.6 | 15 |
BUXA | Te.H | Buxus sempervirens L. | Bux.se | 6 | 2 | 0.93 | 0 | 9.6 | 12 | 15.3 | 9 |
CAES | Tr.H | Caesalpinia echinata Lam. | Cae.ec | 55 | 15 | 1.01 | 9 | 21.5 | 11 | 4.4 | 14 |
BETU | Te.H | Carpinus betulus L. | Car.be | 9 | 2 | 0.74 | 0 | 20.8 | 2 | 9.5 | 1 |
MELI | Tr.H | Cedrela odorata L. | Ced.od | 1 | 1 | 0.48 | 21.8 | 7.8 | |||
BOMB | Tr.H | Ceiba pentandra Gaertn. | Cei.pe | 5 | 1 | 0.22 | 10 | 10.1 | 13 | 14.0 | 12 |
CUPR | S | Chamaecyparis sp. (Hinoki) | Cha.sp | 14 | 1 | 0.39 | 3 | 27.0 | 7 | 6.3 | 6 |
LAUR | Tr.H | Chlorocardium rodiei (Schomb.) Rohwer | Chl.ro | 4 | 1 | 1.05 | 1 | 27.8 | 2 | 4.3 | 4 |
CORN | Te.H | Cornus mas L. | Cor.ma | 4 | 1 | 1.11 | 0 | 15.6 | 2 | 8.3 | 7 |
CUPR | S | Cupressus sempervirens L. | Cup.se | 11 | 3 | 0.49 | 13 | 17.1 | 17 | 8.9 | 19 |
PAPI | Tr.H | Dalbergia baronii Baker | Dal.ba | 14 | 1 | 0.75 | 3 | 19.4 | 8 | 5.2 | 7 |
PAPI | Tr.H | Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. | Dal.la | 1 | 1 | 0.75 | 18.5 | 7.3 | |||
PAPI | Tr.H | Dalbergia maritimensis or D. louvelli | Dal.ma | 5 | 2 | 1.07 | 10 | 21.0 | 2 | 4.0 | 17 |
PAPI | Tr.H | Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. et Perr. | Dal.me | 10 | 2 | 1.31 | 1 | 15.7 | 12 | 5.8 | 14 |
PAPI | Tr.H | Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Allemão ex Benth. | Dal.ni | 1 | 1 | 0.81 | 20.5 | 7.0 | |||
PAPI | Tr.H | Dalbergia retusa Hemsley | Dal.re | 1 | 1 | 0.95 | 11.8 | 8.6 | |||
PAPI | Tr.H | Dalbergia sp. (Bahia) | Dal.sB | 3 | 1 | 1.15 | 2 | 13.0 | 4 | 4.7 | 7 |
PAPI | Tr.H | Dalbergia sp. (Madagascar) | Dal.sM | 53 | 9 | 0.96 | 11 | 20.1 | 10 | 4.6 | 8 |
PAPI | Tr.H | Dalbergia sp. (Jacaranda do Para) | Dal.sP | 1 | 1 | 0.88 | 18.4 | 5.6 | |||
CAES | Tr.H | Dialium cochinchinense Pierre | Dia.co | 4 | 1 | 1.10 | 2 | 24.0 | 5 | 6.4 | 13 |
CAES | Tr.H | Dialium pachyphyllum Harms | Dia.pa | 12 | 2 | 1.01 | 13 | 26.3 | 6 | 6.2 | 8 |
EBEN | Tr.H | Diospyros sp. (Madagascar) | Dio.sp | 3 | 1 | 1.18 | 0 | 16.8 | 1 | 9.1 | 5 |
PAPI | Tr.H | Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd. | Dip.od | 9 | 1 | 0.99 | 3 | 16.4 | 2 | 5.9 | 3 |
CAES | Tr.H | Guibourtia arnoldiana J.Leon. | Gui.ar | 4 | 1 | 0.84 | 1 | 25.8 | 1 | 5.6 | 4 |
CAES | Tr.H | Guibourtia conjugata (Bolle) J. Léonard | Gui.co | 2 | 1 | 1.02 | 1 | 17.0 | 1 | 7.5 | 5 |
CAES | Tr.H | Guibourtia sp. | Gui.sp | 7 | 2 | 0.89 | 8 | 16.6 | 29 | 10.7 | 8 |
CAES | Tr.H | Hymenaea courbaril L. | Hym.co | 8 | 1 | 0.77 | 4 | 28.4 | 5 | 5.3 | 2 |
CAES | Tr.H | Hymenaea parvifolia Huber | Hym.pa | 9 | 1 | 1.11 | 2 | 23.4 | 5 | 5.0 | 1 |
JUGL | Te.H | Juglans nigra L. | Jug.ni | 1 | 1 | 0.58 | 12.7 | 8.0 | |||
MELI | Tr.H | Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. | Kha.se | 4 | 1 | 0.85 | 0 | 9.2 | 4 | 12.0 | 6 |
PAPI | Te.H | Laburnum anagyroides Medik. | Lab.al | 12 | 3 | 0.90 | 6 | 13.4 | 8 | 9.2 | 6 |
LAUR | Tr.H | Licaria cannella (Meisn.) Kosterm. | Lic.ca | 16 | 7 | 1.01 | 5 | 26.1 | 9 | 5.6 | 8 |
STER | Tr.H | Mansonia altissima (A. Chev.) A. Chev | Man.al | 4 | 1 | 0.62 | 4 | 21.4 | 9 | 5.7 | 5 |
MYRI | Tr.H | Mauloutchia sp. | Mau.sp | 5 | 1 | 0.71 | 1 | 26.6 | 8 | 7.7 | 7 |
PAPI | Tr.H | Millettia laurentii De Wild. | Mil.la | 9 | 1 | 0.93 | 2 | 23.3 | 3 | 4.8 | 6 |
CLUS | Tr.H | Moronobea coccinea Aubl. | Mor.co | 8 | 1 | 0.92 | 1 | 25.1 | 2 | 4.7 | 3 |
MORA | Tr.H | Morus mesozygia Stapf. | Mor.me | 3 | 1 | 0.87 | 2 | 19.3 | 7 | 5.1 | 1 |
PAPI | Tr.H | Ormosia flava (Ducke) Rudd | Orm.fl | 9 | 1 | 0.84 | 1 | 29.9 | 4 | 4.5 | 9 |
CAES | Tr.H | Peltogyne venosa (Vahl) Benth. | Pel.ve | 8 | 2 | 0.80 | 0 | 26.8 | 7 | 5.6 | 7 |
PINA | S | Picea abies Karst. | Pic.ab | 40 | 14 | 0.50 | 10 | 24.4 | 18 | 8.4 | 8 |
PINA | S | Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. | Pic.si | 5 | 1 | 0.47 | 1 | 32.2 | 2 | 5.9 | 2 |
PINA | S | Pinus caribaea Morelet | Pin.ca | 3 | 1 | 0.36 | 4 | 9.0 | 2 | 13.2 | 3 |
PINA | S | Pinus nigra subsp. laricio Maire | Pin.ni | 5 | 1 | 0.51 | 4 | 19.2 | 6 | 8.8 | 6 |
PINA | S | Pinus patula Schiede ex. Schlecht. et Cham. | Pin.pa | 4 | 1 | 0.54 | 9 | 31.1 | 3 | 6.6 | 5 |
PINA | S | Pinus pinaster Aiton | Pin.pi | 18 | 7 | 0.42 | 6 | 14.2 | 12 | 12.0 | 10 |
PINA | S | Pinus sylvestris L. | Pin.sy | 14 | 5 | 0.48 | 12 | 17.9 | 14 | 10.6 | 13 |
PAPI | Tr.H | Platymiscium sp. | Pla.sp | 4 | 1 | 1.02 | 1 | 25.5 | 5 | 4.8 | 2 |
PAPI | Tr.H | Platymiscium ulei Harms | Pla.ul | 19 | 3 | 0.73 | 9 | 20.4 | 7 | 4.8 | 11 |
ROSA | Te.H | Prunus avium L. | Pru.av | 1 | 1 | 0.62 | 17.4 | 10.0 | |||
PAPI | Tr.H | Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir. | Pte.er | 86 | 4 | 0.83 | 3 | 19.3 | 4 | 5.6 | 6 |
PAPI | Tr.H | Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz | Pte.ma | 22 | 1 | 0.75 | 1 | 12.9 | 4 | 6.8 | 4 |
PAPI | Tr.H | Pterocarpus soyauxii Taub. | Pte.so | 170 | 16 | 0.77 | 9 | 18.3 | 15 | 5.2 | 14 |
PAPI | Tr.H | Pterocarpus tinctorius Welw. | Pte.ti | 6 | 1 | 0.93 | 2 | 14.0 | 7 | 6.8 | 9 |
ROSA | Te.H | Pyrus communis L. | Pyr.co | 4 | 1 | 0.69 | 3 | 9.9 | 9 | 16.7 | 11 |
RHIZ | Tr.H | Rhizophora mangle L. | Rhi.ma | 5 | 1 | 1.13 | 1 | 28.8 | 4 | 7.3 | 4 |
CAES | Tr.H | Scorodophloeus zenkeri Harms. | Sco.ze | 14 | 2 | 0.88 | 8 | 23.0 | 15 | 6.8 | 1 |
ROSA | Te.H | Sorbus domestica L. | Sor.do | 24 | 5 | 0.81 | 7 | 19.3 | 17 | 9.9 | 16 |
PAPI | Tr.H | Swartzia panacoco (Aubl.) Cowan | Swa.pa | 8 | 2 | 1.16 | 8 | 26.0 | 8 | 4.4 | 16 |
PAPI | Tr.H | Swartzia sp. | Swa.sp | 46 | 9 | 1.21 | 6 | 26.3 | 10 | 4.3 | 7 |
MELI | Tr.H | Swietenia macrophylla King | Swi.ma | 1 | 1 | 0.48 | 20.7 | 6.4 | |||
BIGN | Tr.H | Tabebuia sp. | Tab.sp | 4 | 1 | 0.85 | 1 | 23.2 | 4 | 5.0 | 2 |
TAXA | S | Taxus baccata L. | Tax.ba | 25 | 5 | 0.64 | 6 | 11.1 | 17 | 10.0 | 8 |
CUPR | S | Thuja plicata D.Don | Thu.pl | 1 | 1 | 0.39 | 19.5 | 7.2 | |||
RUTA | Tr.H | Zanthoxylum tsihanimposa H.Perr. | Zan.ts | 5 | 1 | 0.57 | 9 | 18.4 | 6 | 6.2 | 6 |
PAPI | Tr.H | Zollernia ilicifolia (Brongn.) Vogel (or Swartzia sp.) | Zol.il | 6 | 1 | 1.06 | 4 | 21.4 | 6 | 5.1 | 10 |
PAPI | Tr.H | Zollernia paraensis Huber | Zol.pa | 14 | 1 | 1.16 | 4 | 21.1 | 7 | 5.8 | 7 |