Fig. 1

Response ratios for soil depth classes 0–10 cm (98 substudies), 10–20 cm (102 substudies), and 20–30 cm (88 substudies). Error bars indicate the 95 % confidence interval. ‘Other’ represents all texture classes apart from the soil texture classes included in subsets Sand and Clay. A dashed gray line is drawn at a response ratio of 0.14 (equal to bulk density increase of 15 %) to indicate the limit for detrimental soil compaction as stated by Powers et al. (1998)