Table 1 Main woody vegetation types in the Mediterranean Basin, from low to high elevations (m in the mean temperature of the coldest month and T is the mean annual temperature, in degree Celcius)

Infra-Mediterranean

Very hot

> +7 °C

> +17 °C

Argania spinosa, Acacia gummifera, (Pinus halepensis)

Thermo-Mediterranean

Hot

+3 to +7 °C

> +17 °C

Olea sp., Ceratonia siliqua, P. halepensis, Pinus brutia, Pinus pinaster, Pinus pinea (sclerophyllous Quercus, Tetraclinis articulata)

Meso-Mediterranean

Temperate

0 to +3 °C

+13 to +17 °C

Sclerophyllous Quercus, P. halepensis, P. brutia, P. pinaster

Supra-Mediterranean

Cool

−3 to 0 °C

+8 to +13 °C

Deciduous Quercus, Pinus nigra (Ostrya carpinifolia, Carpinus orientalis, P. brutia)

Mountain- Mediterranean

Cold

−7 to −3 °C

+4 to +8 °C

P. nigra, Pinus sylvestris, Cedrus sp., Abies sp., Fagus sp., Juniperus sp. (P. heldreichii)

Oro-Mediterranean

Very cold

< −7 °C

< +4 °C

Juniperus sp., prostrate spiny xerophytes (P. nigra)