Fig. 1

Mismatch between potential distribution area defined more than 40 years ago and current distribution of the pine processionary moth in France. The black colour indicates the area where the species was supposed not to establish (called “exclusion area”, derived from Huchon and Démolin 1970), the grey colour indicates the area where the species is currently present (in winter 2010–2011), and the hatched area is the overlap between both areas. Grey dots with black point inside indicate the locations of pioneer colonies (all within the exclusion area)