Fig. 7

Projection in the future: mean of total invaded area (a) and mean of northern limit (y-coordinate in metric system “Lambert 2 étendu”) (b) in 2030 over the 100 replicate simulations with temperature stabilization (mean temperature over 1980–2011, Ø) and climate change scenarios A1, A2 and B2, with and without long-distance dispersal (LDD). Different letters indicate a significant difference (p < 0.05; Student’s t test) between the areas and the northern limits