Fig. 2

Evolution of carbon assimilation rate A (a), stomatal conductance to water vapor gS (b), and chlorophyll content index Chl (c) in response to waterlogging and as a function of the capacity to form morphological adaptations in response to waterlogging. The vertical dotted line indicates the start of the waterlogging (day 0). Different lower-case letters indicate significant differences among the four categories of seedlings, before (left) or during (right) the water-logging. Different upper-case letters indicate significant differences between the control and waterlogged seedlings (linear models followed by Tukey–Kramer means comparison test, see Section 2 for details). In all cases, the global time effect was significant (p < 0.001). The data represent the mean ± standard error of the mean