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Table 1 Explanatory variables used in this study (minimum, maximum, mean, standard error), computed for currently forested areas only

From: An improved species distribution model for Scots pine and downy oak under future climate change in the NW Italian Alps

Code

Description

Range

Mean

Units

Resolution

Bio01

Mean annual temperaturea

−0.6–11.1

4.9

°C

30 arcsec

Bio05

Max temperature of warmest montha

10.8–26.7

18.5

°C

30 arcsec

Bio06

Min temperature of coldest montha

−10.8–−2.9

−6.9

°C

30 arcsec

Bio07

Temperature annual rangea

21.3–29.6

25.4

°C

30 arcsec

Bio10

Mean temperature of warmest quartera

6.4–20

12.8

°C

30 arcsec

Bio11

Mean temperature of coldest quartera

−7.2–2

−2.8

°C

30 arcsec

Bio12

Annual precipitationa

796–1828

1263.3

mm

30 arcsec

Bio18

Precipitation of warmest quartera

22–465

335.6

mm

30 arcsec

GDD

Growing degree days above 5 °C

257–2656

1181.2

°C

30 arcsec

GSP

Precipitation April–September

437–913

663.5

mm

30 arcsec

AI

Aridity index (Bio12 -PET)

−638–1252

311.0

mm

30 arcsec

DTM

Elevationb

308–2493

1514.3

m a.s.l.

10 m

Slope

Slope from DTM

0–44

17.0

°

10 m

TPI

Topographic position Index

−3.0–3.1

−0.4

–

10 m

Southness

Linearization of aspect

0–180

97.2

°

10 m

ATC

Accumulated Soil temperature classc

1–3

–

Dummy

1 km

AWC

Available water capacity in the topsoilc

1–3

–

Dummy

1 km

BS

Soil base saturationc

1–2

–

Dummy

1 km

DR

Soil depth to rockc

1–4

–

Dummy

1 km

ERO

Soil erodibilityc

3–5

–

Dummy

1 km

OC

Organic carbon in the topsoilc

1–3

–

Dummy

1 km

TEXT

Soil texture (from coarse to fine)c

0–2

–

Dummy

1 km

VS

Volume of stones in the soilc

0–2

–

Dummy

1 km

Avalanches

Number of avalanche polygonsb

0–3

0.1

Count

10 m

Wildfires

Number of fire polygons, 1961–1990b

0–3

0.0

Count

10 m

Erosion

Total area subject to landslide or erosiond

0–14523

656.9

m2

500 m

Depop

Change in population 1951–1991e

−59–135

2.1

% change

Municipality

Roads

Total road lengthb

0–8485

1812.0

m

500 m

Buildings

Total buildings areab

0–40190

1591.8

m2

500 m

VCF

Tree cover from Landsat (2001)f

0–99

29.9

%

30 m

NDVI

NDVI from Landsat (1987)

0.20–0.66

0.30

0–1

30 m

  1. Explanatory variables in species distribution models are set in italics
  2. aHijmans et al. (2005)
  3. bRegione Autonoma Valle d'Aosta
  4. cEuropean Soil Bureau (1999)
  5. dEuropean Environment Agency (2013)
  6. eISTAT (2012)
  7. fSexton et al. (2013)