Forest conversion can help to mitigate impacts of climate change on common forest birds

Table 3 Predicted changes in population size of 25 common forest bird species in Germany due to transformation of coniferous forests to deciduous and mixed forest types and taking current climate conditions into account

Bird species	Lower elevation limit of coniferous forest (a.s.l.)
Bird species	100 m	300 m	500 m	700 m	900 m
Common chaffinch	−212,900	−349,500	−623,800	−849,600	−955,000
European crested tit	−206,200	−296,400	−490,200	−604,100	−638,500
Willow warbler	−176,500	−239,100	−380,400	−426,100	−426,800
Coal tit	−165,300	−255,900	−427,500	−536,500	−585,000
Firecrest	−33,400	−75,400	−118,700	−171,200	−206,000
Eurasian jay	−29,500	−45,600	−78,100	−106,300	−116,300
Tree pipit	−27,500	−34,900	−53,100	−62,600	−64,000
Dunnock	−26,100	−29,000	−22,700	−22,100	−24,400
Common blackbird	−12,100	−65,600	−156,900	−228,200	−257,500
Garden warbler	−4,700	24,800	96,200	149,200	164,700
Song thrush	−3,000	−138,400	−41,300	−81,200	−104,900
Common chiffchaff	4,900	−8,300	−32,800	−60,600	−75,900
Spotted flycatcher	14,200	28,600	49,800	58,900	60,600
Common wood pigeon	23,600	33,800	53,000	54,100	50,800
Eurasian treecreeper	36,600	49,200	60,100	34,000	14,100
Great spotted woodpecker	42,300	54,700	72,100	67,100	60,600
Short-toed treecreeper	48,000	87,500	121,900	131,200	131,900
European robin	61,000	94,600	154,300	232,300	291,400
Winter wren	77,200	97,300	143,400	138,600	120,000
Eurasian nuthatch	110,100	174,400	283,400	306,100	298,400
Eurasian blackcap	126,100	161,100	249,000	238,500	206,200
Hawfinch	131,900	200,100	295,900	338,300	345,500
Marsh tit	149,600	203,000	303,800	333,900	335,000
Blue tit	179,100	246,000	371,500	423,900	433,800
Great tit	217,100	280,900	394,200	440,100	444,200
Total	324,500	197,900	223,100	−202,300	−497,100

Transformation was conducted step-by-step by increasing the lower elevation limit of coniferous forests stands. Population sizes were rounded to hundreds

ISSN: 1297-966X