Table 3 Summary of the fitted linear mixed model of BAI. VIF is the variance inflation factor, calculated on centered data. The symbols in the sign column indicate the sign of the estimate value(s) for the corresponding variable. All estimate values are available in Table S3

Crown class

615.6

<0.001

SBA

1.4

259.7

<0.001

–

Tthin

3.2

22.8

<0.001

–

Tthin²

3.1

72.4

<0.001

Dratio

1.0

5158.2

<0.001

+

Dratio²

1.1

544.6

<0.001

+

BAL

1.8

830.2

<0.001

+

Crown class × SBA

257.1

<0.001

Crown class × Dratio

85.9

<0.001

Crown class × BAL

120.9

<0.001

σ _A = 630  σ _B = 903

σ _C = 460  σ _E = 689

AIC = 30791.34

log Lik. = −15367.82