Table 3 Anatomical traits (mean and SE in parentheses) of seedlings developed from freshly harvested, not stored seeds and those stored at 3 °C, −3 °C, −10 °C, −20 °C and cryopreserved at −196 °C for 24 months obtained from individual black poplar tree (No. 1) by one way ANOVA. Within a same root order column, values with the same letter did not differ significantly (P = 0.05, Tukey test)

100

94.2 (2.9)

74.3 (16.7) a

19.8 (12.5)

297.1 (86.1) ab

310 (54.4) ab

408 (68)

565.9 (92)

54.5 (7.9)

49 (9.2) a

43.1 (7.5) a

22.9 (9.3) a

1.7 (0.1)

1.4 (0.1)

1.2 (0.1) abc

1 (0.1) ab

Storage temperature

−196 °C

100

76.3 (18.4)

31.4 (10.3) ab

0

318.4 (76.8) ab

352.7 (78.3) a

401.4 (83.5)

561.3 (130.1)

54.7 (10.4)

46 (6) ab

26.2 (7.5) b

0 b

1.9 (0.1)

1.6 (0.1)

1.4 (0.1) a

1.1 (0.1) ab

−20 °C

100

81.3 (18.8)

11.7 (2.6) ab

0

334.1 (89.1) a

283.6 (58) ab

380.8 (99.8)

564.4 (96.8)

56.3 (5.8)

45.7 (9.4) ab

15.6 (11.9) b

0 b

1.8 (0.3)

1.4 (0.2)

1.1 (0.1) bc

0.8 (0.1) b

−10 °C

100

22.2 (15.4)

0 b

0

292.3 (66.5) ab

298 (62) ab

397.8 (70)

485.4 (111.4)

53.6 (6.6)

23.4 (6.1) c

0 b

0 b

1.5 (0.1)

1.3 (0.1)

1 (0.1) c

0.9 (0.1) ab

−3 °C

100

66.7 (15.4)

0 b

0

261.8 (32.3) b

348.2 (97.7) ab

406.2 (86.8)

491.2 (109.4)

53.2 (8.6)

41.4 (10.1) ab

23.7 (15.5) ab

0 b

1.6 (0.9)

1.4 (0.1)

1.3 (0.1) ab

1 (0.5) ab

3 °C

100

37.5 (15.4)

0 b

0

348.4 (68.6) a

272.7 (92.4) b

309.3 (82.6)

525.1 (56.5)

53.8 (5)

32.4 (0.1) bc

0 b

0 b

2.1 (0.1)

1.5 (0.1)

1.3 (0.1) bc

1.2 (0.4) a

–

0.094

0.009

0.233

0.009

0.009

0.227

0.154

0.597

0.001

0.001

0.002

0.264

0.460

0.012

0.041