Table 1 Overview of the description of phenology in terrestrial ecosystem models (TEMs)
Model class | Model | Vegetation type | Application scale | Leaf onset | Leaf loss | Wood growth | Fine root growth | Reserve storage | Fine root mortality and turnover | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NPP allocation | CASA-CNP | PFT | globe | satellite | satellite | start with leaf onset, ends with leaf fall (deciduous); year-round (evergreens). Coefficients modulated according to leaf phenology | start with leaf onset, ends with leaf fall (deciduous); year-round (evergreens). Coefficients modulated according to leaf phenology | no reservepool | proportionnal to FR mass | Wang et al. (2010) |
NPP allocation | ED2.1 | PFT | globe | satellite | satellite | start with leaf onset, ends with leaf fall (deciduous); year-round (evergreens). Coefficients modulated according to leaf phenology | start with leaf onset, ends with leaf fall (deciduous); year-round (evergreens). Coefficients modulated according to leaf phenology | out of the leaf growth phase | proportionnal to FR mass, modulated by temperature | Medvigy et al. (2009) |
NPP allocation | ISAM | PFT | globe | Virtual leaf C balance | Temperature and Photoperiod threshold | allocation to wood and roots start once maximum LAI is reached | allocation to wood and roots start once maximum LAI is reached | no reserve pool | proportionnal to FR mass | Arora & Boer (2005) |
NPP allocation | ANAFORE | Tree species (Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea, Pinus sylvestris) | stand | GDD and chilling | prescribed | onset defined relative to that of leaves, ends with leaf senescence onset | simultaneous to leaf growth | modulated according toleaf and woodphenology | proportionnal to FR mass | |
NPP allocation | CASTANEA | Tree species (Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea, Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, Quercus ilex) | stand | GDD | CDD | cambium onset at budburst (diffuse-porous deciduous), according to thermal time (ring-porous deciduous and conifers). Cessation at a prescribed date | modulated according to leaf and wood phenology | modulated according toleaf and woodphenology | proportionnal to FR mass | |
Labile pool allocation | OCN | PFT | globe | GDD and chilling | Temperature threshold | Depend on the availability of reserve C and N, modulated by daily temperature and leaf phenology | Depend on the availability of reserve C and N, modulated by daily temperature and leaf phenology | Reserve (labile) pools are the primary pool for storagefollowingassimilation | FR shedding simultaneous to leaf shedding | |
Labile pool allocation | CASSIA | Tree species (Pinus sylvestris) | stand | GDD | prescribed | cambium onset and cessation according to thermal time | forced | Reserve (labile) pools are the primary pool for storage following assimilation | no mortality | Schiestl-Aalto et al. (2015) |
Labile pool allocation | CLASS | Tree species (Populus tremuloides) | stand | GDD | GDD | Depend on the availability of reserve C and N, modulated by daily temperature | Depend on the availability of reserve C and N, modulated by daily temperature | Reserve (labile) pools are the primary pool for storage following assimilation | Shedding of all organs (including FR) depends on thermal time. All organs have the same thermal time requirement for shedding | Wang et al. (2001) |