Fig. 4

Spatial distributions of all individual trees [diameter at breast height (DBH) > 2 cm] in four representative 1-ha plots that correspond to four different logging treatments: CON control uncut treatment, OKP only Korean pine logged, OBL only broadleaved tree species logged, BKB both Korean pine and broadleaved tree species logged. The vertical axis of each graph shows Ripley’s K-function value. Red lines Theoretical K(r) values of a completely spatial random (CSR) process, black lines observed values. The shaded area in each graph represents the 99 % confidence envelope based on 99 simulations. A black line above the envelope suggests an aggregated distribution; a black line within the envelope suggests a random distribution; and a black line below the envelope suggests a regular distribution