Fig. 1

Time course of mass loss (in % of initial values) of wood from different species [Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Silver fir (Abies pectinate Lam.), Poplar (Populus nigra L.), Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.)] treated with a step wise increasing temperature up to 230 °C (in red). Initial wood density (kg dry mass per m3) is indicated for each species. The mass loss started at 160 °C but was particularly important at 230 °C. From Chaouch 2011, with permission