Table 1 Average (± SE) concentrations (μg g−1) of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenoids, and resin acids of three control trees and five water deficiency-treated trees during three physiological phases (I–III)
From: Changes of secondary metabolites in Pinus sylvestris L. needles under increasing soil water deficit
Terpene | Control trees | Water-deficient trees | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | II | III | |||
Ψpd > −0.6 | −0.6 > Ψpd > −1.8 | −1.8 > Ψpd > −2.4 | |||
Monoterpenes (μg g−1) | Tricyclene | 21.4 ± 1.5a | 23.3 ± 2.3a | 35.3 ± 3.9b | 44.9 ± 6.4b |
α-Thujene | 1.10 ± 0.09a | 1.19 ± 0.12a | 1.83 ± 0.17b | 2.41 ± 0.31c | |
α-Pinene | 275 ± 18a | 266 ± 24a | 456 ± 67b | 528 ± 98b | |
Camphene | 49.8 ± 3.9a | 53.9 ± 5.6a | 76.8 ± 69.0b | 94.4 ± 13.0b | |
Sabinene | 4.7 ± 0.5a | 4.6 ± 0.6a | 5.78 ± 0.72a | 6.84 ± 1.02a | |
β-Pinene | 29.0 ± 2.1a | 47.1 ± 7.4ab | 62.3 ± 8.6b | 66.3 ± 14.6b | |
Myrcene | 19.9 ± 1.8a | 19.2 ± 2.2a | 30.3 ± 3.4b | 39.7 ± 5.5b | |
α-Phellandrene | 0.49 ± 0.04a | 0.44 ± 0.06a | 0.84 ± 0.11b | 1.15 ± 0.21b | |
Limonene | 5.22 ± 0.50a | 5.63 ± 0.71a | 11.1 ± 1.52b | 11.2 ± 1.92b | |
(Z)-β-Ocimene | 0.57 ± 0.05a | 0.55 ± 0.08a | 1.23 ± 0.29b | 1.07 ± 0.17b | |
(E)-β-Ocimene | 5.66 ± 0.53a | 7.55 ± 1.40ab | 11.12 ± 1.52b | 11.94 ± 2.25b | |
Terpinolene | 0.39 ± 0.04a | 0.42 ± 0.05a | 1.23 ± 0.29b | 1.29 ± 0.46b | |
Sesquiterpenoids (μg g−1) | β-Elemene | 0.93 ± 0.08a | 1.01 ± 0.11ab | 1.46 ± 0.19bc | 1.68 ± 0.28c |
β-Caryophyllene | 11.7 ± 0.5a | 8.8 ± 0.6a | 14.0 ± 1.9b | 17.1 ± 2.5b | |
β-Copaene | 0.078 ± 0.007a | 0.072 ± 0.009a | 0.20 ± 0.06b | 0.15 ± 0.103ab | |
Aromadendrene | 0.047 ± 0.005a | 0.057 ± 0.015a | 0.18 ± 0.04b | 0.26 ± 0.081b | |
α-Humulene | 5.01 ± 0.22a | 4.25 ± 0.23a | 7.23 ± 1.06b | 8.70 ± 1.485b | |
γ-Muurolene | 0.54 ± 0.05a | 0.48 ± 0.06a | 1.63 ± 0.53a | 1.47 ± 0.95a | |
Germacrene D | 20.7 ± 1.6a | 16.0 ± 1.9a | 26.2 ± 5.9a | 20.7 ± 9.3a | |
β-Selinene | 0.28 ± 0.02a | 0.37 ± 0.09a | 0.77 ± 0.14b | 1.03 ± 0.283b | |
Bicyclogermacrene | 0.25 ± 0.02a | 0.23 ± 0.02a | 0.51 ± 0.11b | 0.60 ± 0.22b | |
α-Muurolene | 0.72 ± 0.05a | 0.71 ± 0.08a | 0.99 ± 0.10b | 1.04 ± 0.155b | |
γ-Cadinene | 0.64 ± 0.05a | 0.73 ± 0.09a | 1.73 ± 0.40b | 1.97 ± 0.678b | |
δ-Cadinene | 0.42 ± 0.03a | 0.54 ± 0.06a | 1.26 ± 0.30b | 1.54 ± 0.58b | |
Germacrene d-4-ol | 0.54 ± 0.08a | 0.62 ± 0.10a | 0.95 ± 0.13b | 0.94 ± 0.180b | |
α-Cadinol | 0.15 ± 0.01a | 0.25 ± 0.02a | 0.42 ± 0.10a | 0.43 ± 0.149a | |
Resin acids (μg g−1) | Pimaric acid | 81 ± 8a | 100 ± 11a | 91 ± 10a | 89 ± 17a |
Isopimaric acid | 22 ± 2a | 24 ± 4a | 22 ± 3a | 23 ± 3a | |
Palustric acid | 175 ± 18a | 195 ± 38a | 91 ± 17b | 25 ± 8c | |
Levopimaric acid | 513 ± 34a | 606 ± 62a | 405 ± 62a | 152 ± 35b | |
Dehydroabietic acid | 667 ± 43a | 743 ± 102a | 747 ± 77a | 730 ± 84a | |
Abietic acid | 183 ± 12a | 205 ± 24a | 178 ± 23a | 138 ± 22a | |
Neoabietic acid | 2007 ± 213a | 2608 ± 469a | 1495 ± 206b | 523 ± 143c | |