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Table 9 Recent climatic trends (period 1982–2007) in annual averages of minimum (Tn), mean (Tm) and maximum (Tx) temperature and annual precipitation (P) by tree species sample

From: Recent growth changes in Western European forests are driven by climate warming and structured across tree species climatic habitats

Linear climatic trend (1982–2007)

Tree Species

ΔTn (°C)

ΔTm (°C)

ΔTx (°C)

ΔP (mm)

Picea abies

1.13 (<0.002, 0.32)

1.21 (0.001, 0.36)

1.29 (<0.004, 0.30)

39 (NS)

Abies alba

0.94 (0.005, 0.28)

1.06 (<0.003, 0.32

1.18 (0.006, 0.27)

39 (NS)

Fagus silvatica

1.08 (<0.002, 0.34)

1.17 (<0.002, 0.36)

1.26 (<0.004, 0.30)

47 (NS)

Pinus sylvestris

0.82 (<0.02, 0.22)

0.97 (0.006, 0.27)

1.12 (0.008, 0.26)

20 (NS)

Quercus petraea

1.07 (<0.003, 0.32)

1.19 (<0.002, 0.35)

1.32 (<0.003, 0.31)

7 (NS)

Quercus robur

0.96 (<0.007, 0.27)

1.12 (<0.003, 0.32)

1.27 (<0.004, 0.30)

21 (NS)

Quercus pubescens

0.44 (NS, 0.09)

0.77 (<0.02, 0.21)

1.10 (0.007, 0.27)

–11 (NS)

Pinus halepensis

0.25 (NS, 0.03)

0.78 (<0.02, 0.23)

1.32 (<0.001, 0.38)

–2 (NS)

  1. Each climatic variable X was regressed linearly (OLS regression) against time as X = a + b.y with y as calendar year. Figures provided in the table correspond to linear trend estimates ΔX = b.Δy with Δy = (2007–1982) = 25 years. The p value of nullity test of b and the regression R 2 (except for P trends for which they were close to zero) are provided under parentheses (NS when p > 0.05). Climatic trends were significant for all climatic variables and species, except for minimum temperature (NS) in Mediterranean species (NS). Increases in mean annual temperature were also moderate for these species (p < 0.02)