Shrubs facilitate recruitment of Caragana stenophylla Pojark: microhabitat amelioration and protection against herbivory

Table 4 Proportion (%) of facilitative effects attributable to microhabitat amelioration (MA) versus protection against herbivory (PAH) across the four climatic aridity zones, three grazing intensities, and two growth stages

		Semi-arid		Arid		Very arid		Intensively arid
		MA	PAH	MA	PAH	MA	PAH	MA	PAH
Seedling	Fenced	100 ± 0	0 ± 0	100 ± 0	0 ± 0	100 ± 0	0 ± 0	100 ± 0	0 ± 0
	Mild grazing	49.6 ± 3.5	50.4 ± 3.5	62.9 ± 6.0	37.1 ± 6.0	72.3 ± 3.8	27.7 ± 3.8	68.4 ± 2.0	31.6 ± 2.0
	Severe grazing	34.0 ± 3.4	66.0 ± 3.4	34.1 ± 3.4	65.9 ± 3.4	38.5 ± 2.2	61.5 ± 2.2	–	–
Sapling	Fenced	100 ± 0	0 ± 0	100 ± 0	0 ± 0	100 ± 0	0 ± 0	100 ± 0	0 ± 0
	Mild grazing	38.0 ± 3.4	62.0 ± 3.4	39.3 ± 2.2	60.7 ± 2.2	46.6 ± 0.46	53.4 ± 0.46	53.4 ± 1.2	46.6 ± 1.2
	Severe grazing	11.3 ± 0.9	88.7 ± 0.9	13.9 ± 1.1	86.1 ± 1.1	22.6 ± 3.0	77.4 ± 3.0	–	–

ISSN: 1297-966X