Fig. 5From: A practical way to integrate risk in forest management decisionsProceedings of value growth (V′) and opportunity costs (OC), their expected values \( \widehat{E} \) and the resulting EL of high-risk spruce stands (S 100 = 0.5) under age-indifferent risk (α = 1.0). If EL values are equal, optimal harvest is carried out as in a risk-free scenarioBack to article page