Fig. 1

Rainfall (vertical bars) and mean air temperature (circle) in an open area 100 m from the field trial (a) and volumetric soil water content at a depth of 15 cm (black circle), 50 cm (gray circle), and 100 cm (triangle) in the monospecific stand (b) and the mixed-species stand (c) of Acacia mangium over the study period. Volumetric soil water content was monitored in one block of the experiment using three Campbell CS616 probes per depth. Measurements were taken every half hour and averaged over the day. Soil was¹⁵N-labeled in one block on April 15th and 16th, 2012. Leaves were sampled in June 2012, September 2012, December 2012, and March 2013 (black arrows)