Table 4 Pre-European settlement (protohistoric) and present-day percentages and temporal change of pollen and tree surveys for the major tree genera in forest types north of the tension zone line. Number of sites for pollen and survey trees, respectively, is in parentheses. Forest type abbreviations are found in Table 1

GL_BM (13; 2)

Acer

4.89

3.21

− 1.68

15.50

17.85

2.35

Betula

9.59

12.56

2.97

1.25

1.55

0.3

Carya

2.76

2.58

− 0.18

6.55

10.20

3.65

Fagus

6.70

4.46

− 2.24

33.00

3.85

− 29.15

Fraxinus

4.11

3.68

− 0.43

7.20

8.95

1.75

Pinus

17.81

18.39

0.58

1.15

0.10

− 1.05

Quercus

26.99

25.68

− 1.31

10.90

8.75

− 2.15

Tsuga

7.26

4.11

− 3.15

x

x

x

Ulmus

7.25

7.57

0.32

5.00

13.10

8.1

GL_CNH (10; 62)

Abies

0.42

0.81

0.39

1.68

3.61

1.93***

Acer

2.31

3.38

1.08

15.11

27.82

12.71***

Betula

25.11

28.44

3.33

9.73

6.21

− 3.52**

Thuja

0.08

0.64

0.56

5.73

6.63

0.9

Fagus

1.27

0.41

− 0.86

6.98

1.52

− 5.46***

Fraxinus

1.15

1.68

0.53

1.45

3.82

2.37***

Larix

0.40

0.83

0.44

3.31

0.79

− 2.52***

Picea

1.36

1.71

0.36

2.08

2.57

0.49

Pinus

36.86

27.58

− 9.27

28.67

11.19

− 17.48***

Populus

0.99

3.46

2.48

2.00

13.68

11.68***

Quercus

7.41

8.46

1.06

3.06

11.10

8.04***

Tsuga

14.51

8.75

− 5.76

15.99

2.52

− 13.47***

Ulmus

2.51

2.89

0.39

1.70

0.94

− 0.76*

NE_CNH (19; 10)

Abies

1.18

1.39

0.20

1.41

1.49

0.08

Acer

1.83

2.62

0.79*

12.70

31.47

18.77***

Betula

25.49

32.48

6.99*

7.15

10.98

3.83

Thuja

1.45

1.44

− 0.01

0.33

0.43

0.1

Fagus

10.22

5.53

− 4.69**

34.79

11.36

− 23.43***

Fraxinus

1.37

2.05

0.68

2.37

4.18

1.81

Larix

0.17

0.23

0.06

0.06

0.07

0.01

Picea

6.88

6.02

− 0.86

6.92

1.91

− 5.01

Pinus

17.82

15.28

− 2.54

3.55

4.71

1.16

Populus

0.38

0.82

0.44

0.35

2.93

2.58**

Quercus

10.48

13.13

2.64

5.12

8.87

3.75

Tsuga

15.93

6.87

− 9.05**

15.87

7.96

− 7.91*

Ulmus

0.91

1.43

0.52

0.91

0.57

− 0.34

SC (9; 31)

Abies

0.90

0.85

− 0.06

5.93

10.56

4.63***

Acer

0.73

0.92

0.20

2.11

6.86

4.75***

Betula

18.11

22.76

4.64

13.36

10.04

− 3.32*

Thuja

0.94

0.78

− 0.16

5.79

7.14

1.35

Fagus

x

x

x

x

x

x

Fraxinus

0.66

1.86

1.21*

1.30

6.64

5.34***

Larix

0.42

0.29

− 0.13

17.84

4.79

− 13.05***

Picea

9.50

6.36

− 3.14

15.17

14.01

− 1.16

Pinus

52.01

40.80

− 11.21

25.00

7.22

− 17.78***

Populus

0.97

3.32

2.35*

9.79

24.85

15.06***

Quercus

5.51

10.44

4.93*

1.32

2.75

1.43

Tsuga

0.35

0.06

− 0.30*

x

x

x

Ulmus

0.88

1.36

0.48

0.97

0.49

− 0.48

2.08%

5.93%

8

22