Table 5 Pre-European settlement (protohistoric) and present-day percentages and temporal change of pollen and tree surveys for the major tree genera in forest types south of the tension zone line. Number of sites for pollen and survey trees, respectively, is in parentheses. Forest type abbreviations are found in Table 1

Cent_OP (7; 33)

Acer

0.61

5.47

4.86

3.50

10.47

6.97***

Betula

1.57

1.91

0.34

0.66

1.19

0.53

Carya

5.95

5.52

− 0.43

6.53

8.16

1.63

Castanea

2.63

1.68

− 0.96

2.90

0.15

− 2.75***

Fagus

0.24

0.15

− 0.09

2.31

2.30

− 0.01

Fraxinus

2.53

3.75

1.22

1.20

1.62

0.42

Pinus

24.67

20.50

− 4.17

8.47

4.40

− 4.07

Populus

0.14

0.47

0.33

0.09

0.61

0.52

Quercus

47.95

43.37

− 4.58

64.31

47.16

− 17.15***

Tilia

0.15

0.05

− 0.10

0.27

0.17

− 0.1

Tsuga

0.22

0.11

− 0.10

0.79

0.29

− 0.5

Ulmus

0.94

2.41

1.47

1.38

2.80

1.42*

GL_OP (6; 18)

Acer

1.56

2.81

1.26

6.05

15.19

9.14*

Betula

4.26

4.11

− 0.15

1.36

1.48

0.12

Carya

3.71

4.75

1.04

0.43

3.16

2.73

Castanea

x

x

X

x

x

x

Fagus

3.99

2.48

− 1.51

2.63

3.34

0.71

Fraxinus

4.55

3.97

− 0.58

1.64

2.83

1.19

Pinus

5.49

9.93

4.43

11.24

9.32

− 1.92

Populus

0.15

0.54

0.39

5.55

6.60

1.05

Quercus

57.36

48.65

− 8.72

57.49

33.77

− 23.72*

Tilia

1.34

1.58

0.25

4.70

6.24

1.54

Tsuga

0.18

0.04

− 0.15

0.01

0.00

− 0.01

Ulmus

5.61

8.42

2.82

4.35

7.07

2.72

NE_OP (13; 10)

Acer

2.14

2.74

0.60

6.00

26.03

20.03***

Betula

16.08

17.31

1.23

2.46

7.90

5.44**

Carya

2.94

2.43

− 0.51

4.20

2.26

− 1.94

Castanea

3.00

1.35

− 1.65

6.53

0.35

− 6.18***

Fagus

5.49

3.53

− 1.95

4.49

1.60

− 2.89*

Fraxinus

1.23

1.31

0.07

2.30

2.43

0.13

Pinus

19.12

22.38

3.26

16.81

15.62

− 1.19

Populus

0.07

0.08

0.01

1.17

0.62

− 0.55

Quercus

34.67

36.94

2.27

43.84

29.12

− 14.72*

Tilia

0.06

0.00

− 0.06

0.11

0.05

− 0.06

Tsuga

5.70

2.43

− 3.27*

5.52

7.34

1.82

Ulmus

1.01

0.92

− 0.09

1.32

1.09

− 0.23

1.57%

3.89%

1

11