Fig. 1

Temporal changes in a survival, b inbreeding depression (ID) due to selfing, c ID in open-pollinated (OP) progenies, and d size-dependent mortality for E. globulus and E. ovata. Survival data is shown using red lines and growth (height and DBH) data using blue lines. Dotted lines correspond to self, dashed lines to OPs, and solid lines to outcross progenies. 95% confidence intervals (CI) in a are indicated as colour bands with non-overlapping bands signalling significant difference among cross-types. CIs were not calculated for the last scoring of E. ovata selfs as none survived to 28 years in a, and ID for DBH cannot be calculated in b. b and c show the temporal transition of ID from growth to survival due to size-dependent mortality (summarised in d), with asterisks indicating levels of significance (P < 0.05*; P < 0.01**; P < 0.001***; P > 0.05 blank). d Lines indicate the intervals over which significant (P < 0.05) size-dependent mortality occurred in each cross-type, and gaps indicate the intervals when size-dependent mortality was not occurring (where trees died during the assessment interval were not significantly different in initial size to the surviving trees). In all intervals where significant differences were detected, trees that died were smaller than surviving trees at the beginning of the assessment interval indicated. The statistical tests for growth were based on DBH in all intervals except the first assessment at 2 months, which was based on height. The x-axis represents the growth period of the trial (1988 to 2016), and the red tick marks indicate tree age since planting in the trial when assessments were undertaken (to the nearest year). Changes in cross-type growth over the same period are indicated in Table 2