Table 2 Least-square means (LSM) and estimates of inbreeding depression (ID) for each cross-type and monitoring period for E. globulus (a) and E. ovata (b). A two-tailed z score test was used to determine whether observed mean effects of ID on survival and growth for both species were significantly different from zero (P < 0.05*; P < 0.01**; P < 0.001***; P > 0.05 ns). As no E. ovata ID_self survived to age 28 years, pairwise comparisons were not undertaken. Year 0 age for growth represents height of the plant at 2 months, since they were not tall enough to measure DBH

0¹

93.2

95.6

92.1

1^ns

− 3^ns

123.5

122.8

97.0

22^***

1^ns

2

92.4

92.6

90.5

2^ns

0^ns

67.5

63.3

50.7

25^***

6^ns

4

83.4

84.1

87.4

− 5^ns

− 1^ns

135.6

122.8

98.6

27^***

10^***

10

80.0

71.2

60.2

25^*

11^ns

219.7

215.2

184.6

16^***

2^ns

13

72.3

55.8

34.7

51^*

22^*

241.0

253.3

233.5

3^ns

− 5^*

21

62.1

48.0

22.7

62^*

22^*

325.5

348.0

345.2

− 6^ns

− 7^*

28

50.3

40.5

17.6

64^*

19^ns

379.9

414.2

423.3

− 10^ns

− 9^**

0¹

90.6

84.0

86.1

5^ns

7^ns

97.5

93.5

65.8

33^***

4^ns

2

89.1

84.0

80.3

10^ns

6^ns

52.2

45.9

27.6

47^***

12^*

4

89.2

83.5

77.3

14^ns

6^ns

112.0

101.0

57.4

49^***

10^**

10

82.0

71.8

48.7

39^*

12^ns

192.1

165.7

86.0

55^***

14^***

13

68.3

58.3

21.2

70^*

15^ns

218.6

186.0

104.5

52^***

15^***

21

49.4

44.0

5.8

88^*

11^ns

315.0

251.8

207.7

33^ns

20^***

28

15.9

6.2

0.0

100

61^*

429.7

437.3

–

–

− 1^ns