Fig. 2
From: Implementing forest landscape restoration under the Bonn Challenge: a systematic approach
Project cycle management (PCM) applied to forest landscape restoration (FLR) has four phases: visioning, conceptualizing, acting, and sustaining. PCM is an adaptive, iterative process for moving from broad goals (a vision) for improving the current condition of the forested landscape (FL point A) by conceptualizing tangible, measurable objectives that can be acted upon, resulting in a future restored conditions (FL point B). To ensure the sustainability of FLR, monitoring and long-term management must be integrated into the FLR project and feedback into decision-making (adaptive management). Ample opportunities exist at all phases for feedback and iteration of previous negotiations as new conditions, knowledge, or stakeholders emerge. Preceding PCM initiation and negotiation of goals, environmental and social contexts are recognized (including governance and stakeholder identification)