Table 3 Forest restoration designs, from simple to complex, based on the number of species and cohorts and spacing (terminology from Stanturf et al. 2014a, 2014b)
From: Implementing forest landscape restoration under the Bonn Challenge: a systematic approach
Number of species | Number of cohorts | Spacing | Variations | Options |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Single | Single | Dispersed | Cluster planting | Later infilling by natural regeneration |
Applied nucleation | Later infilling by natural regeneration | |||
Uniform | Planted into cover crops | Original stand thinned or removed and planted with other species | ||
Taungya | Trees interplanted with agricultural crops until canopy closure | |||
Multiple | Single | Uniform | Temporary mixture | Interplanting or nurse crop that is removed early |
Permanent, simple mixture | Single-species rows or blocks | |||
Random | Permanent, intimate mixture | High-density planting, framework species | ||
Uniform | Permanent, intimate mixture | Designed mixture | ||
Dispersed | Framework species planting | Complemented by natural regeneration | ||
Multiple | Dispersed | Permanent, intimate mixture | Cluster with multiple species and natural regeneration between clusters | |
Permanent, intimate mixture | Nucleation and natural regeneration to fill-in open spaces | |||
Uniform or random | Underplanting | With or without partial overstory removal | ||
Random | Release advance regeneration | With or without partial overstory removal |