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Table 1 Main environmental characteristics of the seven forest types (averages ± standard deviations). Meteorological data are referred to the 1999–2013 period (Tav, Rain, and PET stand for mean annual air temperature, total rainfall, and total potential evapotranspiration, respectively)

From: Impacts of climate change on the gross primary production of Italian forests

Forest type

Altitude (m a.s.l.)

Tav (°C)

Rain (mm year−1)

PET (mm year−1)

Macchia

348 ± 227

15.8 ± 1.2

737 ± 150

1193 ± 88

Plain/hilly conifers

349 ± 293

15.2 ± 1.4

828 ± 154

1150 ± 99

Evergreen oaks

428 ± 259

15.1 ± 1.3

850 ± 207

1134 ± 86

Deciduous oaks

518 ± 304

12.7 ± 2.0

1122 ± 295

1031 ± 116

Chestnut

623 ± 272

12.3 ± 1.4

1318 ± 245

971 ± 88

Beech

1220 ± 316

9.7 ± 1.8

1406 ± 312

792 ± 112

Mountain conifers

1418 ± 518

6.8 ± 2.7

1122 ± 229

665 ± 191