Table 4 Gap fraction, mean gap size, gap formation rates (GFR) and gap closure rates (GCR) in different forest types
From: Dynamics of gaps and large openings in a secondary forest of Northeast China over 50 years
Reference | Location | Forest type | Gap fraction (%) | Mean gap size (m2) | GFR (% year−1) | GCR (% year−1) | Duration of observation period (years) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Foster and Reiners (1986) | USA | Old-growth coniferous | 33 | – | 0.3 | – | 1 |
Liu and Hytteborn (1991) | Sweden | Old-growth coniferous | 31 | 84.2 | 0.4–0.5 | 1 | |
Henbo et al. (2006) | Japan | Old-growth coniferous | 15.1 | 98 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 42 |
Kathke and Bruelheide (2010) | Germany | Near-natural coniferous | 4.9–8.4 | 212.7–479.9 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 58 |
Holeksa and Cybulski (2001) | Poland | Near-natural coniferous | 27.4–33.8 | 92 | 0.1–0.2 | 13 | |
Runkle (1982) | USA | Old-growth mixed broadleaf-conifer forest | 9.5 | 28–69 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Henbo et al. (2004) | Japan | Old-growth broadleaved forest | 10.7–23.0 | 88.4–223.1 | 0.5–1.3 | 0.3–0.5 | 43 |
Blackburn (2014) | England | Nesar-natural broadleaved deciduous forests | 23.5 | 237 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 10 |
Tanaka and Nakashizuka (1997) | Japan | Old-growth broadleaved deciduous forest | 5.5–11.0 | 79.4–116.1 | 0.4–1.1 | 0.2–1.1 | 50 |
Rugani et al. (2013) | Slovenia | Old-growth broadleaved deciduous forest | 3.2–10.6 | 118–317 | 0.2–0.3 | 0.1–0.2 | 11–20 |
Kenderes et al. (2008) | Hungary | Old-growth broadleaved deciduous forest | 2.5–7.7 | 40–93 | 0.2–0.3 | 0.1 | 30 |
Fujita et al. (2003) | Japan | Old-growth broadleaved evergreen forest | 10.9–13.6 | 104–138 | 0.3–1.0 | 0.3–0.7 | 32 |
Bottero et al. (2011) | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Old-growth mixed broadleaf-conifer forest | 19.3 | 76.9 | 1 | ||
Our research (gaps) | China | Secondary broadleaved deciduous forest | 2.6–5.1 | 74–129 | 0.1 | 0.1–0.4 | 50 |