Table 2 Impact of polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB), Euwallacea whitfordiodendrus, and Kuroshio shot hole borer (KSHB), E. kuroshio, assessed as rates of infestation, stem injury, and tree mortality of tree species surveyed in southern California, USA (A), southwestern China (B), and northwestern Vietnam (C)
Region | Tree species | Injury agent | n a | DBH (± s.e.) (cm) | Infestation rate (%) | Stem injury rating (%) | Tree mortality (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | Â | ||||||
A | Tree of heaven, Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingleb | PSHB | 4 | 12.0 (± 0.81) | 100 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100 | 50.0 |
Boxelder maple, Acer negundo L. | PSHB | 187 | 12.9 (± .026) | 92.5 | 7.49 | 5.35 | 5.35 | 81.8 | 26.7 | |
Castorbean, Ricinus communis L. | PSHB | 34 | 7.05 (± 0.46) | 71.4 | 28.6 | 10.7 | 3.57 | 57.1 | 21.4 | |
Bigleaf maple, Acer macrophyllum Pursh | PSHB | 63 | 24.0 (± 0.87) | 73.0 | 27.0 | 22.2 | 4.76 | 46.0 | 20.6 | |
Arroyo willow, Salix lasiolepis Benth. | PSHB | 84 | 20.4 (± 0.36) | 83.3 | 16.7 | 66.7 | 8.33 | 8.33 | 16.7 | |
Red willow, Salix laevigata Benth. | PSHB | 335 | 13.1 (± 0.24) | 80.1 | 19.8 | 17.2 | 16.6 | 46.4 | 15.9 | |
Goodding’s black willow, Salix gooddingii C.R. Ball | PSHB | 104 | 19.6 (± 0.36) | 77.3 | 22.7 | 47.0 | 10.6 | 19.7 | 7.58 | |
Fremont cottonwood, Populus fremontii S. Watson | PSHB | 329 | 27.7 (± 0.36) | 56.2 | 43.8 | 42.7 | 3.37 | 10.1 | 5.62 | |
London plane, Platanus x acerifolia (Alton) Willd. | PSHB | 361 | 33.0 (± 0.33) | 84.8 | 15.2 | 52.1 | 14.7 | 14.1 | 5.54 | |
California bay laurel, Umbellaria californica (Hook. & Am.) Nutt. | PSHB | 29 | 15.1 (± 0.75) | 10.3 | 89.7 | 10.3 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.45 | |
Western sycamore, Platanus racemosa Nutt. | PSHB | 1135 | 34.0 (± 0.23) | 80.0 | 20.2 | 35.8 | 18.1 | 25.9 | 2.59 | |
White alder, Alnus rhombifolia Nutt. | PSHB | 378 | 28.2 (± 0.35) | 41.7 | 58.3 | 29.2 | 5.95 | 6.55 | 0.60 | |
Avocado, Persea americana Mill. | PSHB | 128 | 25.6 (± 0.66) | 91.4 | 66.7 | 84.4 | 7.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
American sycamore, Platanus occidentalis L. | PSHB | 6 | 43.2 (± 2.99) | 50.0 | 16.7 | 16.7 | 16.7 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Engelmann oak, Quercus engelmannii Greeneb | PSHB | 2 | 49.4 (± 8.85) | 50.0 | 50.0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 50.0 | 0.00 | |
Hickory, Carya spp. Nutt. | PSHB | 11 | 15.7 (± 0.78) | 45.5 | 54.6 | 36.4 | 9.09 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Lombardy poplar, Populus nigra ‘Italica’ L. | PSHB | 10 | 1.14 (± 0.35) | 40.0 | 60.0 | 40.0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Blue elderberry, Sambucus mexicana C. Presl ex DC. | PSHB | 36 | 18.9 (± 0.97) | 36.7 | 63.3 | 36.7 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Velvet ash, Fraxinus velutina Torr. | PSHB | 54 | 19.4 (± 0.70) | 28.6 | 71.4 | 26.2 | 2.38 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
American sweetgum, Liquidambar styraciflua L. | PSHB | 51 | 30.5 (± 0.40) | 25.5 | 74.5 | 19.6 | 3.92 | 1.96 | 0.00 | |
Southern California black walnut, Juglans californica S. Wats. | PSHB | 43 | 20.2 (± 0.91) | 23.5 | 76.5 | 20.6 | 0.00 | 2.94 | 0.00 | |
Evergreen ash, Fraxinus uhdei (Wenz.) Lingl. | PSHB | 232 | 35.9 (± 0.69) | 23.0 | 77.0 | 12.9 | 4.32 | 5.76 | 0.00 | |
Coast live oak, Quercus agrifolia Nee | PSHB | 649 | 48.4 (± 0.39) | 22.8 | 77.2 | 18.3 | 2.42 | 2.08 | 0.00 | |
Canyon live oak, Quercus chrysolepis Liebm. | PSHB | 32 | 42.9 (± 1.66) | 14.3 | 85.7 | 14.3 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Holly oak, Quercus ilex L. | PSHB | 8 | 28.3 (± 2.35) | 12.5 | 87.5 | 12.5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
White mulberry, Morus alba L. | PSHB | 90 | 37.2 (± 0.84) | 10.5 | 89.5 | 10.5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Pepper tree, Schinus molle L. | PSHB | 61 | 60.8 (± 1.70) | 4.92 | 95.1 | 4.92 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Chinese elm, Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. | PSHB | 49 | 33.8 (± 0.77) | 0.00 | 100 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Live oak, Quercus virginiana Mill.b | PSHB | 1 | 16.5 | 0.00 | 100 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Peach, Prunus sp. L.b | PSHB | 3 | 6.52 (± 0.50) | 0.00 | 100 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Silver maple, Acer saccharinum L.b | PSHB | 3 | 54.1 (± 6.95) | 0.00 | 100 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Southern magnolia, Magnolia grandifolia L. | PSHB | 7 | 31.9 (± 0.48) | 0.00 | 100 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
California black oak, Quercus kelloggii Newb.b | PSHB | 1 | 14.5 | 0.00 | 100 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Gum tree, Eucalyptus sp. L’Hér. | PSHB | 5 | 23.3 (± 0.64) | 0.00 | 100 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Narrowleaf willow, Salix exigua L. | PSHB | 10 | 14.7 (± 0.13) | 0.00 | 100 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Fremont cottonwood, Populus fremontii S. Watson | KSHB | 91 | 18.9 (± 0.47) | 46.2 | 53.9 | 13.6 | 9.62 | 23.1 | 9.62 | |
Goodding’s black willow, Salix gooddingii C.R. Ball | KSHB | 35 | 24.9 (± 0.60) | 81.0 | 19.1 | 9.52 | 28.6 | 42.9 | 9.52 | |
Arroyo willow, Salix lasiolepis Benth. | KSHB | 326 | 18.1 (± 0.16) | 72.1 | 27.4 | 11.8 | 8.10 | 52.7 | 8.10 | |
London plane, Platanus x acerifolia (Alton) Willd. | KSHB | 47 | 24.3 (± 0.66) | 74.5 | 25.53 | 38.3 | 12.8 | 23.4 | 4.26 | |
Western sycamore, Platanus racemosa Nutt. | KSHB | 230 | 21.4 (± 0.40) | 78.9 | 22.8 | 14.0 | 19.3 | 43.9 | 3.51 | |
White alder, Alnus rhombifolia Nutt.b | KSHB | 2 | 27.4 (± 1.20) | 100 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100 | 0.00 | |
Golden medallion, Cassia leptophylla Vogel | KSHB | 20 | 15.8 (± 0.51) | 95.0 | 5.00 | 10.0 | 5.00 | 80.0 | 0.00 | |
Castorbean, Ricinus communis L. | KSHB | 7 | 11.9 (± 0.42) | 60.0 | 40.0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 60.0 | 0.00 | |
Southern California black walnut, Juglans californica S. Wats. | KSHB | 9 | 23.9 (± 0.77) | 33.3 | 66.7 | 33.3 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Coast live oak, Quercus agrifolia Née | KSHB | 67 | 43.6 (± 1.19) | 33.3 | 66.7 | 33.3 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Southern magnolia, Magnolia grandifolia L. | KSHB | 11 | 18.1 (± 0.55) | 9.09 | 90.9 | 0.00 | 9.09 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
African sumac, Searsia lancea (L.f.) F.A. Barkley | KSHB | 18 | 22.9 (± 0.55) | 0.00 | 100 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
American sweetgum, Liquidambar styraciflua L. | KSHB | 11 | 16.8 (± 0.70) | 0.00 | 100 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Chinese wingnut, Pterocarya stenoptera C. DC. | KSHB | 5 | 37.2 (± 6.80) | 0.00 | 100 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Blue elderberry, Sambucus mexicana C. Presl ex DC. | KSHB | 38 | 8.83 (± 0.29) | 0.00 | 100 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Engelmann oak, Quercus engelmannii Greene | KSHB | 5 | 29.1 (± 1.54) | 0.00 | 100 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Gum tree, Eucalyptus spp. L’Hér.b | KSHB | 2 | 23.6 (± 0.80) | 0.00 | 100 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Evergreen ash, Fraxinus uhdei (Wenz.) Lingl. | KSHB | 8 | 8.48 (± 0.80) | 0.00 | 100 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Moreton bay fig, Ficus macrophylla Desf. ex Pers.b | KSHB | 1 | 48.8 | 0.00 | 100 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Narrowleaf willow, Salix exigua. L. | KSHB | 146 | 11.1 (± 0.18) | 0.00 | 100 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Red willow, Salix laevigata Benth. | KSHB | 30 | 9.32 (± 0.31) | 0.00 | 100 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
B | Wisteria sp. Nutt. | PSHB | 1 | 5.84 | 100 | 100 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100 | 100 |
Chinese banyan, Ficus microcarpa L.f.b | PSHB | 2 | 13.2 (± 1.27) | 100 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100 | 0.00 | |
Trident maple, Acer buergerianum Miq. | PSHB | 45 | 24.7 (± 1.58) | 55.8 | 40.0 | 26.7 | 2.20 | 31.1 | 0.00 | |
Oriental plane, Platanus orientalis L. | PSHB | 47 | 48.1 (± 2.08) | 57.5 | 42.6 | 19.1 | 4.20 | 34.0 | 0.00 | |
Japanese maple, Acer palmatum Thunb. | PSHB | 10 | 2.69 (± 0.46) | 0.00 | 100 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Mulberry, Morus sp. L.b | PSHB | 2 | 33.0 (± 6.86) | 0.00 | 100 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Prunus sp. L. | PSHB | 10 | 7.62 (± 0.04) | 0.00 | 100 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Willow, Salix sp. L. | PSHB | 37 | 32.0 (± 2.31) | 0.00 | 100 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Chinese sweetgum, Liquidambar formosana L. | PSHB | 14 | 17.9 (± 0.93) | 0.00 | 100 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
C | Black wattle, Acacia mangium Willd. | PSHB | 116 | 13.6 (± 0.23) | 29.3 | 72.4 | 16.4 | 4.31 | 6.90 | 1.72 |