Survival of Douglas-fir provenances in Austria: site-specific late and early frost events are more important than provenance origin

Table 2 Results of the generalized linear mixed model (GLLM) showing the fixed effects of the climate variables describing early and late frost events, tree age, and the mean climate conditions and the random effects of the site (planting location) provenance or seed origin and tree age and their interactions on the juvenile survival rate of Douglas-fir

Effect type	Driver type	Drivers	Estimate	Std. Error	Z value	P value
		Intercept	3.85	0.410	3.654	0.009
Fixed effects	Late frost	LF1	− 0.37	0.224	− 4.168	0.008
		LF8	− 0.134	0.335	− 7.401	0.006
		LF12	− 1.064	0.526	− 4.421	0.006
	Early frost	EF1	− 8.225	0.388	− 5.981	0.032
		EF4	− 2.712	0.328	− 2.815	0.004
		EF7	− 0.219	0.189	− 4.163	0.002
	LF-EF Interaction	LF1 x EF1	− 0.747	1.192	4.627	0.050
	Mean climate	TD	− 0.245	0.267	− 6.917	0.000
	Mean climate	SHM	1.795	1.8386	6.977	0.000
	Demographic	Tree age	− 0.015	0.210	− 0.073	0.150
			Variance	St. dev
Random effects		Planting location	0.0067	0.082		0.272
		Provenance origin	0.0011	0.033		0.415
		Planting location x provenance origin	0.0001	0.010		0.514

ISSN: 1297-966X