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Fig. 1 | Annals of Forest Science

Fig. 1

From: Release and suppression: forest layer responses to emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis)-caused ash death

Fig. 1

Flowcharts describing our two mechanisms. Direct effects of EAB-caused ash decline (solid arrows) and indirect effects (dashed arrows). Arrows with “+”represent a positive effect on the strata and with “−” indicate a negative effect. Relative growth rates (RGRs) represent forest layer growth (2012–2014) and predictor variables represent size (2012). M1 mechanism 1, M2 mechanism 2, pi-pv predictions, BA basal area, RGR relative growth rate

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Annals of Forest Science

ISSN: 1297-966X