Fig. 3

Regression of non-ash canopy basal area (BA) annual relative growth rate (RGR) (2012–2014) on ash decline index (ADI) (2012). Study sites (the mean of 3 plots per site) are divided into two topographical categories, upland (solid line) and wet (dotted line). Lines illustrate the best fit to these site means, and the gray shaded regions represent the standard error around that line. However, the statistics reported are based on hypothesis testing of plot data using linear mixed models (χ² = 4.76, p = 0.03) with “site” as the random factor