Table 2 Summary of GLM results showing the association of forest increase and the landscape and geographic variables with changes in the studied landscape metrics. Each column shows the factor effect estimate (standard error) and the significant codes: 0, ‘***’; 0.001, ‘**’; 0.01, ‘*’; 0.05, ‘.’

Intercept

272.43 (14.42)

***

162.11 (14.06)

***

92,344 (4706)

***

95.35 (40.2)

***

− 0.12 (0.01)

***

3.13

(0.65)

***

Forest increase (FI)

473.09 (22.73)

***

168.09 (23.57)

***

94,337 (8252)

***

57.55 (7.10)

***

− 1.67

(1.11)

− 15.57

(8.85)

18.39 (12.13)

Forest cover

146.06 (14.67)

***

299.90 (14.83)

***

− 21,084 (5182)

***

− 40.13 (7.12)

***

26.39

(5.73)

***

Crops cover

− 38.37 (7.10)

***

0.05

(0.01)

***

3.04

(0.76)

***

Shrub/grassland cover

− 21.90 (4.59)

***

− 0.02 (0.01)

*

1.82

(0.57)

**

Elevation

13,730 (7132)

·

1.16

(6.18)

− 0.04 (0.01)

**

Longitude

38.76 (13.85)

**

− 23,907 (4447)

***

− 26.15 (3.68)

***

1.26

(0.59)

*

13.22

(5.01)

**

20.42 (9.16)

*

Latitude

− 35.29 (16.03)

*

29,849 (6111)

***

0.74

(5.41)

0.10

(0.01)

***

− 3.48

(0.64)

***

FI: forest cover

221.9 (16.22)

***

469.65 (19.67)

***

− 88,460 (6561)

***

− 53.97 (5.59)

***

26.99

(6.32)

***

FI: crops cover

− 4.10

(1.12)

***

FI: elevation

43,153 (12026)

***

29.26 (10.19)

**

FI: longitude

44.45 (19.25)

*

− 18,909 (6167)

**

− 25.01 (11.52)

*

FI: latitude

− 154.47 (23.45)

***

67,268 (8434)

***

14.61 (6.72)

*

Residual standard error

341.4

324.5

10,350

0.75

0.31

14.35

132.8

207.7

R-squared

0.85

0.84

0.31

0.27

0.17

0.16

0.08

0.02

AIC model

10,913.19

10,826.24

19,512.46

8882.77

395.77

6141.62

9494.42

7936.39

AIC null model

12,280.84

12,212.15

19,771.98

9101.12

524.99

6256.30

9552.35

7943.53