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Table 5 Mixed linear models predicting rut depth (cm). The parameters are as follows:

From: Predicting rut depth induced by an 8-wheeled forwarder in fine-grained boreal forest soils

Model parameter

1

2

3

4

Estimate (SE)

Sig.

Estimate (SE)

Sig.

Estimate (SE)

Sig.

Estimate (SE)

Sig.

Fixed

  Intercept

− 35.3 (3.43)

.000

− 39.9 (2.30)

.000

− 32.4 (2.59)

.000

− 37.3 (2.41)

.000

  Ln Mass, kg

3.86 (0.183)

.000

3.86 (0.183)

.000

3.86 (0.183)

.000

3.86 (0.183)

.000

  VWC3, %

0.0000917 (0.0000166)

.001

0.0000431 (0.0000145)

.005

    

  PR020

    

− 1.02 (0.536)

.059

− 0.978 (0.525)

.064

  BD, g/cm3

−  5.76 (3.16)

.075

 

.000

    

  Humus layer, cm

1.11 (0.172)

.000

0.681 (0.169)

.001

  

0.883 (0.166)

.000

Random

  ui

0.909

.535

0.795

.538

10.1

.211

1.24

.472

  vij

6.54

.000

6.99

.000

10.2

.000

7.84

.000

  \( {\upsigma}_{\mathrm{meas}}^2 \)

16.3

.000

16.3

.000

16.3

.000

16.3

.000

  ρmeas

0.707

.000

0.707

.000

0.707

.000

0.707

.000

AIC

6220.7

 

6228.1

 

6227.7

 

6211.8

 
  1. Ln Mass natural logarithmic of the cumulative mass of machine passes, VWC3 volumetric water content raised to the third power, PR020 mean penetration resistance 0–20 cm below the surface of the soil, BD bulk density of the soil, Humus layer thickness of the humus layer, AIC Akaike Information Criterion