Fig. 4From: Effects of defoliation modalities on plant growth, leaf traits, and carbohydrate allocation in Amorpha fruticosa L. and Robinia pseudoacacia L. seedlingsNet photosynthetic rate of reflushing leaves (AREF) of Amorpha fruticosa (a) and Robinia pseudoacacia (b) under different defoliation treatments. The values shown are mean ± SE (n = 4). Different letters indicate significant differences among different defoliation treatments (p < 0.05) with Duncan’s test. CK, no defoliation; TD, defoliation of the top down 50% of the crown; BU, defoliation of the bottom up 50% of the crownBack to article page