Fig. 1

Schematic representation of the simulation design and the comparisons made to assess the effect of species substitution and species addition between mixed stands (mixtures) and monocultures at the different densities tested. M₁₅₀₀ and M₇₅₀ (mixed stand at 1500 and 750 stems/ha density respectively); P₁₅₀₀, P₇₅₀, and P₃₇₅ (pine monoculture at 1500, 750, and 375 stems/ha density respectively); B₁₅₀₀, B₇₅₀, and B₃₇₅ (birch monoculture at 1500, 750, and 375 stems/ha density respectively); P ^mix₁₅₀₀ and P ^mix₇₅₀ (pine trees in mixture at 1500 and 750 stems/ha density respectively with a pine density of 750 and 375 respectively); B^mix₁₅₀₀ and B^mix₇₅₀ (birch trees in mixture at 1500 and 750 stems/ha density respectively with a birch density of 750 and 375 respectively)