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Table 2 Equation of the models performed to test for differences among mature, transition and expanding forest stages for a set of response variables: conspecific cover, tree age, distances in functional traits (carbon isotope signature, the ratio between leaf carbon and nitrogen concentrations, leaf carbon concentration, leaf nitrogen concentration, leaf dry matter content, wood density and a combination of the individual traits) and distances in predictors (genetic distance, geographic distance, distance in vegetation cover, distance in conspecific cover, distance in tree size and distance in phytosanitary status)

From: Functional distance is driven more strongly by environmental factors than by genetic relatedness in Juniperus thurifera L. expanding forest stands

Equation

Definitions

yijs = α + αi + βj + us + εijs

yijs is the chosen response variable in forest stage i, site j and plot s; α is the intercept; αi is the forest stage; βj is the site; us is the plot; εijs is the error term