Fig. 3

Locations of adult oak trees with circle sizes proportional to their diameter at breast height (a); locations of the animal-dispersed seedlings sampled (filled circle: individual survived the three-year monitoring period, empty circle: individual died) (b); aerial photograph of the study area with symbols indicating random points used for the habitat characterization (circle: broadleaved forest, cross: open area, triangle: pine plantation) (c). The broken line shows the limits of the seedling sample plot. Straight lines without tree cover in the aerial photograph are forest aisles that serve as firebreaks and routes for vehicles, whereas the dark treeless area in the upper right part of the sampling plot is a small pond. See also Fig. 1 in Gerzabek et al. (2017b)