Fig. 1

Map of sampling regions. The distribution of chestnut forest areas where chestnut accounts for at least 75% of the leaf cover, which represents about 50% of the total chestnut-comprising forest area in France (IGN 2007) (in green) and the distribution of cultivated chestnut and orchards (IGN 2016) (in orange). Each dot represents a sampling region where chestnut forest or orchard is present (this qualitative information does not reflect the relative areas or number of trees)