Variation in leaf anatomy, vascular traits and nanomechanical cell-wall properties among European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) provenances

Kardošová, Monika; Husárová, Hana; Kurjak, Daniel; Lagaňa, Rastislav; Šuleková, Miriama; Uhrinová, Veronika; Gömöry, Dušan; Ďurkovič, Jaroslav

doi:10.1007/s13595-020-00986-6

Annals of Forest Science

Table 2 Individual-level and provenance-level correlations between leaf structural and vascular traits, nanomechanical cell-wall properties, growth, phenological and physiological traits, geographical coordinates, climatic and bioclimatic variables

From: Variation in leaf anatomy, vascular traits and nanomechanical cell-wall properties among European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) provenances

Individual-level correlations					Provenance-level correlations
Nanomechanical properties of xylem cell walls
	MOE	Adhes	Deform	Dissip		MOE		Adhes	Deform	Dissip
Adhes	0.2067				Adhes	0.4302
	ns					ns
Deform	−0.5788	0.0702			Deform	−0.5756		−0.1300
	**	ns				ns		ns
Dissip	0.1546	0.7492	0.1072		Dissip	0.0188		0.8785	0.0454
	ns	***	ns			ns		**	ns
A	0.1198	−0.1674	0.0295	−0.0734	A	−0.0477		−0.2092	−0.0626	−0.3600
	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns		ns	ns	ns
N	−0.0216	0.1266	−0.0079	0.1551	N	−0.0588		−0.1784	0.0594	−0.1076
	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns		ns	ns	ns
F	0.3653	0.0005	−0.1098	0.2461	F	−0.1305		−0.6462	−0.1741	−0.7179
	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns		ns	ns	*
S	−0.0185	−0.1766	0.0664	−0.1338	S	−0.0807		−0.1832	−0.0356	−0.2984
	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns		ns	ns	ns
cond	0.3741	−0.1242	−0.1182	0.0155	cond	0.0549		−0.3170	−0.3622	−0.5036
	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns		ns	ns	ns
leaf	0.3067	−0.1106	−0.0846	−0.2278	leaf	0.2679		0.2343	0.0564	0.0381
	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns		ns	ns	ns
mesoph	0.3295	−0.0921	−0.0995	−0.2050	mesoph	0.3069		0.2175	0.0080	0.0066
	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns		ns	ns	ns
palisade	0.3203	−0.0239	−0.0545	−0.1834	palisade	0.4785		0.1873	0.0517	−0.0933
	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns		ns	ns	ns
spongy	0.2478	−0.1490	−0.1260	−0.1734	spongy	0.0243		0.2178	−0.0512	0.1371
	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns		ns	ns	ns
height	−0.4551	0.0714	0.2602	0.0783	long	0.6178		0.4817	−0.7607	0.3146
	*	ns	ns	ns		ns		ns	ns	ns
BHD	−0.4601	−0.0139	0.3310	−0.0478	lat	0.3347		0.6975	−0.0492	0.6752
	*	ns	ns	ns		ns		ns	ns	ns
budburst	0.6312	0.2036	−0.4151	0.0658	elev	0.2179		−0.2824	−0.5246	−0.3369
	**	ns	*	ns		ns		ns	ns	ns
discolor	−0.2388	−0.3528	0.0618	−0.3161	t_avg	− 0.5209		−0.2007	0.6434	−0.1109
	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns		ns	ns	ns
frost	−0.5394	−0.2481	0.2201	0.0005	t₅₉	− 0.4525		−0.1113	0.5603	−0.0472
	**	ns	ns	ns		ns		ns	ns	ns
CO₂assi	−0.0035	0.1187	0.1985	−0.0717	p_avg	0.2876		−0.3512	−0.5033	−0.4978
	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns		ns	ns	ns
stcond	0.0044	−0.0490	0.2200	0.0824	p₅₉	0.4046		−0.1934	−0.5721	−0.3609
	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns		ns	ns	ns
transpir	−0.1503	−0.1129	0.3106	0.0017	BIO4	0.6059		0.5599	−0.7492	0.3916
	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns		ns	*	ns
WUE	0.0646	0.2958	−0.2118	0.0438	BIO5	− 0.4746		−0.1429	0.5505	−0.1329
	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns		ns	ns	ns
F_v/F_m	−0.2357	−0.1676	0.2816	0.0679	BIO7	0.5626		0.3332	−0.7143	0.0897
	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns		ns	ns	ns
RC/ABS	0.1672	−0.1107	0.1097	0.0307	BIO13	0.4020		−0.1971	−0.6117	−0.3614
	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns		ns	ns	ns
PI	−0.0621	−0.0830	0.1689	0.2334	BIO14	0.1132		−0.5780	−0.3549	−0.6758
	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns		ns	ns	ns
T₈₅	−0.1233	−0.3183	0.0971	−0.0826	BIO15	0.6142		0.6049	−0.7011	0.4515
	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns		ns	ns	ns
					EQ	0.5637		0.0751	−0.5978	−0.0899
						ns		ns	ns	ns
Vascular traits
	A	N	F	S	cond		A	N	F	S	cond
N	−0.8046					N	−0.6124
	***						*
F	0.0953	0.3821				F	0.4722	0.2365
	ns	**					ns	ns
S	0.9223	−0.7599	−0.1682			S	0.8539	−0.5181	0.1159
	***	***	ns				***	*	ns
cond	0.7267	−0.3988	0.6185	0.4831		cond	0.8059	−0.2384	0.8410	0.4805
	***	**	***	***			***	ns	***	ns
leaf	0.2695	−0.3023	−0.1173	0.2543	0.0912	leaf	0.3673	−0.1621	0.1259	0.3797	0.1555
	*	*	ns	ns	ns		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
mesoph	0.2665	−0.2906	−0.1127	0.2556	0.0848	mesoph	0.3597	−0.1503	0.1177	0.3862	0.1440
	*	*	ns	ns	ns		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
palisade	0.1012	−0.1515	−0.0873	0.0832	−0.0053	palisade	0.2790	−0.1678	0.0032	0.3225	0.0117
	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
spongy	0.4064	−0.3899	−0.1144	0.4078	0.1776	spongy	0.3915	−0.1115	0.2174	0.3970	0.2581
	**	**	ns	**	ns		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
height	−0.1054	0.1842	0.0856	−0.1044	−0.0257	long	0.1164	−0.0092	0.1206	0.0963	0.1319
	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
BHD	−0.1493	0.2116	−0.0110	−0.0976	−0.1001	lat	−0.7005	0.2514	−0.5349	−0.5783	−0.6988
	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns		**	ns	*	*	**
budburst	−0.0163	−0.0401	−0.0926	−0.0058	−0.0819	elev	0.4895	−0.2414	0.3036	0.4342	0.4757
	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
discolor	0.0331	−0.0776	−0.2515	0.1466	−0.1391	t_avg	0.0192	0.0547	−0.0628	0.1018	−0.1300
	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
frost	−0.0227	0.1027	0.1445	−0.0416	0.0795	t₅₉	0.0832	0.0825	0.0281	0.1468	−0.0583
	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
CO₂assi	0.1963	−0.3561	−0.1187	0.0904	0.1421	p_avg	0.4626	−0.2693	0.1926	0.4947	0.4193
	ns	*	ns	ns	ns		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
stcond	0.0997	−0.1974	−0.0142	0.0141	0.0875	p₅₉	0.3879	−0.2134	0.2691	0.3302	0.4398
	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
transpir	0.1126	−0.2013	−0.0236	0.0345	0.1080	BIO4	0.2149	0.0191	0.3401	0.0832	0.3262
	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
WUE	0.0688	−0.1131	−0.1317	0.0785	−0.0574	BIO5	0.3209	−0.0062	0.3061	0.2505	0.2830
	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
F_v/F_m	0.0324	−0.0358	−0.0942	0.0647	−0.0195	BIO7	0.4313	−0.1143	0.5166	0.2073	0.5771
	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns	ns	*	ns	*
RC/ABS	0.0883	−0.0800	0.0446	0.0517	0.0729	BIO13	0.4223	−0.2148	0.3245	0.3423	0.4882
	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
PI	0.0492	−0.0799	−0.0586	0.0501	−0.0181	BIO14	0.4840	−0.2391	0.1957	0.5476	0.4126
	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns	ns	ns	*	ns
T₈₅	0.2067	−0.0434	0.2049	0.1387	0.2132	BIO15	0.0547	−0.0075	0.2575	−0.1259	0.2240
	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
						EQ	0.0833	−0.1258	0.1239	−0.0345	0.2490
							ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
Leaf structural traits
	leaf	mesoph	palisade	spongy		leaf		mesoph	palisade	spongy
mesoph	0.9965				mesoph	0.9974
	***					***
palisade	0.8970	0.9092			palisade	0.9127		0.9315
	***	***				***		***
spongy	0.8546	0.8461	0.5473		spongy	0.9443		0.9301	0.7328
	***	***	***			***		***	**
height	0.0217	0.0224	−0.0317	0.0859	long	0.6024		0.6142	0.5282	0.6156
	ns	ns	ns	ns		*		*	*	*
BHD	0.0756	0.0782	0.0396	0.1061	lat	−0.0280		−0.0244	0.0399	−0.0864
	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns		ns	ns	ns
budburst	−0.1647	−0.1508	−0.0419	−0.2491	elev	0.2478		0.2485	0.1521	0.3117
	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns		ns	ns	ns
discolor	0.0125	0.0042	−0.1094	0.1496	t_avg	−0.1857		−0.1834	−0.0891	−0.2535
	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns		ns	ns	ns
frost	−0.1204	−0.1349	−0.1728	−0.0483	t₅₉	−0.0234		−0.0182	0.0590	−0.0939
	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns		ns	ns	ns
CO₂assi	0.2387	0.2132	0.1896	0.1881	p_avg	0.1577		0.1771	0.1391	0.1913
	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns		ns	ns	ns
stcond	0.1935	0.1619	0.1304	0.1613	p₅₉	0.2489		0.2647	0.2115	0.2821
	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns		ns	ns	ns
transpir	0.1819	0.1501	0.1209	0.1496	BIO4	0.6225		0.6282	0.5162	0.6541
	ns	ns	ns	ns		*		*	*	**
WUE	−0.0887	−0.0731	−0.0649	−0.0647	BIO5	0.0744		0.0730	0.0914	0.0442
	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns		ns	ns	ns
F_v/F_m	0.1274	0.1216	0.0630	0.1646	BIO7	0.5818		0.5821	0.4622	0.6224
	ns	ns	ns	ns		*		*	ns	*
RC/ABS	0.2310	0.2089	0.1614	0.2130	BIO13	0.2608		0.2778	0.2186	0.2994
	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns		ns	ns	ns
PI	0.1178	0.1090	0.0295	0.1828	BIO14	−0.0096		0.0082	−0.0036	0.0195
	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns		ns	ns	ns
T₈₅	−0.0470	−0.0548	−0.1212	0.0617	BIO15	0.4542		0.4609	0.3819	0.4766
	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns		ns	ns	ns
					EQ	0.0902		0.0870	0.0206	0.1423
						ns		ns	ns	ns

MOE, reduced Young’s modulus of elasticity; Adhes, adhesion; Deform, deformation; Dissip, energy dissipation
A, tracheary element lumen area; N, number of tracheary elements per mm² of the primary xylem area; F, tracheary element lumen fraction; S, tracheary element size:number ratio;
leaf, leaf thickness; mesoph, mesophyll thickness; palisade, palisade parenchyma thickness; spongy, spongy parenchyma thickness;
height, tree height; BHD, tree diameter at breast height; budburst, spring budburst date; discolor, autumn leaf discolouration date; frost, frost damage; CO₂assi, CO₂ assimilation rate; stcond, stomatal conductivity; transpir, transpiration rate; WUE, water-use efficiency; F_v/F_m, the maximum fluorescence yield; PI, photosynthetic performance index; RCABS, density of active photosystem II reaction centers (RC/ABS); T₈₅, thermostability of photosystem II;
long, longitude; lat, latitude; elev, elevation; BIO4, temperature seasonality; BIO5, maximum temperature of the warmest month; BIO6, minimum temperature of the coldest month; BIO7, temperature annual range; BIO13, precipitation of the wettest month; BIO14, precipitation of the driest month; BIO15, precipitation seasonality; EQ, Ellenberg ‘s climatic quotient

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