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Table 4 Means and standard deviations of leaf-anatomical, vascular and nanomechanical cell-wall traits

From: Variation in leaf anatomy, vascular traits and nanomechanical cell-wall properties among European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) provenances

Provenance

Nanomechanical cell-wall properties

MOE

Adhesion

Deformation

Energy dissipation

MPa

nN

nm

eV

3

Picardie

4429.3±1724.4

25.97±5.60

2.705±0.223

1407.4±750.5

5

Bretagne

3201.0±885.3

17.07±4.22

2.181±0.425

1119.5±593.9

30

Belzig

5622.9±1177.1

25.15±6.58

2.015±0.241

1157.5±877.4

35

Hinterstoder

7061.2±1111.1

20.01±3.72

1.765±0.093

733.4±139.1

36

Eisenerz

4517.0±257.4

29.12±8.85

1.987±0.236

1688.8±1311.6

50

Janov-Nacetin

3989.0±648.0

20.74±4.86

2.145±0.152

1486.6±159.8

55

Postojna Javor

4470.2±927.7

18.98±5.87

1.964±0.219

936.2±629.2

67

Bilowo

6313.4±2993.8

39.71±9.79

1.855±0.406

2242.7±901.8

 

Vascular traits

Tracheary element area

Tracheary element density

F

S

Relative xylem conductivity

10−4 mm2

mm−2

 

10−7 mm4

10−7 μm4 mm−2

3

Picardie

1.05±0.35

370.1±124.0

0.0387±0.0018

2.83±2.13

1.167±0.424

5

Bretagne

1.06±0.01

372.8±24.1

0.0396±0.0026

2.85±0.20

1.467±0.229

12

Gruenewald

1.10±0.20

344.5±48.5

0.0380±0.0026

3.21±1.06

1.362±0.360

15

Elspeet

0.86±0.17

365.2±40.2

0.0313±0.0036

2.34±0.70

0.918±0.403

23

Torup

0.94±0.17

377.5±58.5

0.0356±0.0045

2.50±0.88

1.068±0.315

26

Farchau

0.92±0.17

376.8±84.1

0.0345±0.0019

2.43±0.90

1.052±0.294

30

Belzig

0.91±0.18

455.5±104.5

0.0416±0.0052

2.01±1.07

1.292±0.416

35

Hinterstoder

1.05±0.12

364.7±52.5

0.0385±0.0022

2.89±0.85

1.403±0.061

36

Eisenerz

1.05±0.08

350.7±51.1

0.0367±0.0048

2.99±0.50

1.354±0.291

39

Jaworze

1.02±0.10

409.2±20.2

0.0418±0.0048

2.50±0.27

1.420±0.484

43

Jawornik

1.15±0.10

324.0±20.3

0.0374±0.0012

3.56±0.54

1.368±0.316

50

Janov-Nacetin

0.82±0.07

437.4±60.2

0.0361±0.0035

1.89±0.37

0.995±0.144

55

Postojna Javor

1.22±0.61

366.1±179.1

0.0447±0.0078

3.33±6.42

1.410±0.402

62

Aarberg

1.10±0.13

368.3±41.8

0.0404±0.0015

2.98±0.70

1.412±0.456

67

Bilowo

0.99±0.31

364.7±64.8

0.0360±0.0046

2.71±1.43

1.205±0.666

 

Leaf structural traits

Leaf thickness

Mesophyll thickness

Palisade parenchyma thickness

Spongy parenchyma thickness

μm

μm

μm

μm

3

Picardie

158.39±31.27

137.31±29.93

84.30±17.53

53.02±13.95

5

Bretagne

129.04±13.38

107.37±10.85

63.85±5.63

43.52±10.21

12

Gruenewald

160.37±25.27

139.41±25.09

82.84±17.64

56.57±11.70

15

Elspeet

136.62±12.80

117.49±11.73

76.26±9.54

41.23±2.59

23

Torup

155.93±18.80

135.76±17.81

81.92±12.54

53.84±5.98

26

Farchau

162.02±26.88

142.13±25.20

85.32±13.95

56.80±11.67

30

Belzig

148.40±26.62

128.34±25.23

78.26±14.21

50.09±13.24

35

Hinterstoder

149.57±25.03

130.04±23.02

81.16±14.11

48.89±11.19

36

Eisenerz

154.10±13.17

132.59±11.72

75.60±11.18

57.00±4.86

39

Jaworze

170.96±26.15

151.47±26.21

88.48±20.10

63.00±8.60

43

Jawornik

167.67±15.62

147.27±15.08

88.56±14.58

58.71±6.48

50

Janov-Nacetin

147.46±19.95

126.90±19.38

75.97±15.28

50.93±7.87

55

Postojna Javor

163.95±16.70

144.95±17.06

84.98±10.41

59.98±11.78

62

Aarberg

144.84±11.00

125.54±13.52

79.60±8.68

45.94±4.98

67

Bilowo

150.15±7.01

130.05±7.15

78.34±2.43

51.71±8.60

  1. MOE, reduced Young’s modulus of elasticity; F, tracheary element lumen fraction; S, tracheary element size:number ratio