Fig. 2

a Comparisons of daily temperature in 2016 (wide green line) and 2011–2015 mean ± SD (thin green line with green shaded area), soil water content in 2016 (wide red line) and 2011–2015 mean ± SD (thin red line with red shaded area), and precipitation in 2016 (blue vertical bars) and 2011–2015 mean (light blue vertical bars). The gray-shaded area illustrates the 16-day period, from July 29 through August 13, without any measurable precipitation. b Cambial phenology during the 2011–2016 growing season. The beginning and end of pink horizontal bars indicate the timing of onset and end of cell enlargement, respectively (i.e., the first cell production phase); the end of red horizontal bars indicate the end of cell maturation (i.e., the end of growing season); and the beginning and end of green horizontal bar indicates the second onset and end of cell enlargement (the second cell production phase) of the intra-annual density fluctuation (IADF) trees in 2016 growing season. Error bars indicate the mean ± SD