Fig. 2

General model framework distinguished between the forest land system simulated through the CBM (grey background) and the products’ system simulated within the HWP module (light brown background). Boxes represent the main carbon pools, including the corresponding average (2000–2030) share of C estimated within the business-as-usual scenario. Arrows represent the main C inflows and outflows among pools due to natural processes (mortality and disturbance events) and human activities (ordinary silvicultural treatments and salvage logging). The average percentage outflow from each pool, and the Net Primary Production to Living Biomass, is reported as proportional to the corresponding C stock attributed to each pool under the business-as-usual scenario for the entire period