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Table 6 Effect of different socio-demographic characteristics on willingness to pay for water quality improvement under different conditions (15–45%)

From: Estimating the willingness to pay for regulating and cultural ecosystem services from forested Siwalik landscapes: perspectives of disaggregated users

Fixed effects

Coefficient

Std. err

p value

Coefficient

Std. err

p value

Coefficient

Std. err

p value

WQIC

WQIC_15%

WQIC_30%

WQIC_45%

(Intercept)

7.234446

0.275954

0.0000

7.054326

0.3692724

0.0000

7.325048

0.3367777

0.0000

AF (Eco_Status)2

− 0.742254

0.140987

0.0000

− 0.619699

0.1866758

0.0011

− 0.642210

0.1644233

0.0001

AF (Edu_lev)2

0.494297

0.12479

0.0001

0.467985

0.1602609

0.0041

0.293649

0.1529548

0.0569

AF (Distant_For)2

− 1.20822

0.140534

0.0000

− 0.920797

0.1771162

0.0000

− 0.772341

0.1565443

0.0000

HH size

− 0.05549

0.02285

0.0164

− 0.035823

0.0283771

0.2089

− 0.042591

0.0264820

0.1100

Total Income

0.000001

0.000000

0.0033

0.000001

0.0000002

0.0062

0.000001

0.0000002

0.0001

Caste

− 0.25622

0.12563

0.0433

− 0.02722

0.1697772

0.8728

0.007228

0.1481291

0.9611

Pearson’s χ 2 residuals

0.0001

0.00001

0.0002

WQIL

WQIC_15%

WQIC_30%

WQIC_45%

(Intercept)

1.4674236

0.24166894

0.0000

1.9493200

0.24927453

0.0000

2.3076056

0.25315178

0.0000

AF (Eco_Status)2

− 0.2356257

0.11145401

0.0362

− 0.2572740

0.11644421

0.0287

− 0.2948412

0.11909439

0.0145

AF (Edu_lev)2

0.4014262

0.10432512

0.0002

0.4421669

0.10840738

0.0001

0.4228179

0.11096201

0.0002

AF (Distant_For)2

− 0.6641104

0.10509946

0.0000

− 0.7061746

0.10958154

0.0000

− 0.6286190

0.11132355

0.0000

Pearson’s χ 2 residuals

0.000006

0.00001

0.00003

  1. Eco_Status economic status, Edu-lev education level, Distant_For distant for, Age_respon age of the respondents, Tot_Inc total income, AF as a factor