Table 3 Overview of recent forest conservation and supporting ES case studies applying MADM and GIS

Cao et al. (2019)

WLC

China

6

Expert survey

Map wilderness sites

N/A

North Tibet,West Qinghai, South Xinjiang and West Mongolia obtained highest wilderness quality

N/A

Developing technique could be used in setting wilderness conservation and ecological target areas

Talebi et al. (2019)

AHP-Fuzzy

Portugal

9

Expert knowledge

Improve road network planning in forested areas

Comparison between model and ground truth applying \(\chi^2\) tests

Seventh scenario alternative was selected as optimal option

No significant differences with 95% level

Process framework could be helpful for management tourism planning

Zhang et al. (2019)

AHP

U.S.A

4

Expert consultations, literature review

Evaluate restoration sites

Field survey conducted to compare model suitability using GPS

49.5% were high and very high suitable zones

Comparison demonstrated accurate assessment analysis

Presented model could enhance success of reestablishment efforts

Richter and Behnisch (2019)

AHP

Germany

3

Workshop

Potential areas of environmental planning for green cities

Visual comparison observed

41% of zones scored medium functional density class

More urban areas presented high protection concerns functionality

Model was useful for better understanding of data and supporting green strategic planning

Tambarussi et al. (2019)

Fuzzy

Brazil

4

Not Indicated

Establish preservation zones

Cross validation performed for this model

Area map indicated it could succeed in future natural zone management

Root mean square error 1.99, mean error 0.0136 respectively

Integrated model could manage quantitative and qualitative variables conservation

Navalho et al. (2019)

AHP

Portugal

6

Participatory technique, expert consultations

Potential sites of forest landscape for protection and conservation

N/A

Result indicates coexistence of several functions

N/A

Developed methodology could be integrated into regional landscape forest planning

Valente et al. (2017)

WLC

Brazil

2

Participatory technique

Potential areas for forest restoration

N/A

5.22% with high priority sites

N/A

The proposed approach helped provide an environment for movement of fauna between landscapes

Wang and Du (2016)

AHP

China

16

Investigation, questionnaire

Prioritize natural world heritage sites

N/A

Only 7.15% of land suitable for monitoring

N/A

Process guarantees success and sustainability of monitoring and management

Vettorazzi and Valente (2016)

OWA

Corumbataí, Brazil

5

Participatory technique

Evaluate site for forest restoration

Comparison between OWA2 forest restoration map and reference data

River basin had 9% high and 10% very high priority for forest restoration areas

Comparison maps gave similar spatial distribution results

Integrated model has ability to control criteria influence on final result through trade-off

Fernández and Morales (2016)

Equal weight

Chile

3

Participatory phase not included

Restore forest plant species sites

N/A

Results depended on two species considered and criteria included

N/A

Developing technique could be applied as a complementary approach to available spatial scale conservation planning

Mahan et al. (2015)

Fuzzy

U.S.A

3

Literature, expert opinions

Allocate ecological assessment in National Parks

N/A

Overall assessment of landscape component showed a good forest condition

N/A

Proposed process was flexible and dynamic

Gülci and Akay (2015)

WLC

Osmaniye, Turkey

9

Literature, expert interviews

Locate ecological road structures

Field survey to compare predicted model using LR and CC calculus

Few areas received highest value of 87.97% species habitat suitability on map

Accuracy results showed a very high correlation coefficient (R² = 0.9958)

Model provided rapid solutions regarding environmental effects

Derak and Cortina (2014)

AHP

Spain

14

Questionnaire

Evaluate forest plantation for afforestation

N/A

Assessment indicated high level of ES

N/A

Approach provides evaluation of ES that could be used in other semiarid areas

Orsi et al. (2013)

WLC

Italy

7

Expert groups

Wildness suitability sites

Visual comparison between unsupervised classification and predicted map

The more the proportion of wild land increases the more the elevation rises

Data in close concordance in wilderness sites

Integrated model quickly adaptable in different size and characteristics areas

Zhang et al. (2013)

AHP

Meili Snow Mountain, China

6

Requirement workshops

Prioritize nature conservation sites

N/A

Higher suitability values were priority areas for nature conservation

N/A

Proposed approach helped to interact many different stake holder needs

Carver et al. (2012)

WLC-Fuzzy

National Parks, Scotland

4

Attribute weights

Map wilderness area patterns

Equally weighted map used to compare the parks

Results indicated a high rate of spatial complexity of wildness area in each park

High rate of robustness and confidence in methods/data used

Model spatially illustrated the human perception of wildness in terms of conservation planning

Young et al. (2011)

AHP

Shenandoah National Park, U.S.A

11

Questionnaire, workshop

Map rare plant poaching risk

Field observations to compare predicted data using test KO-Smirnov

5% of high level of poaching risk

Observed American ginseng poaching incidents were in or near predicted areas

Simulation model has a great potential for policy target and environmental strategies