Fig. 2
From: Interaction of drought and frost in tree ecophysiology: rethinking the timing of risks
A Processes and pools affected by drought stress intensity: photosynthesis Anet, stomatal conductance gs, respiration (growth Rgrowth, maintenance Rmaint, and total Rtot), non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs), stem embolism, leaf and plant mortality. As growth is more sensitive to water stress than photosynthesis, and respiration, the NSC pool initially increases (McDowell 2011). After photosynthesis declines, NSCs decline, whereas leaf mortality, embolism, and plant mortality increase (Charrier et al. 2018b). B Potential effect generated by drought stress on frost hardiness of living cell (through the non-linear relation between NSC and water content) and vulnerability to freeze–thaw (FT)-induced embolism