Genetic, geographic, and climatic factors jointly shape leaf morphology of an alpine oak, Quercus aquifolioides Rehder & E.H. Wilson

Table 1 Results of the Procrustes ANOVA of leaf size and shape using all samples

Response	Effect	%VAR	SS	d.f	F
Size	Lineages	12.5	1,816,138.286	2	36.03*
	Trees	47.4	6,870,292.488	57	4.78*
	Leaves	40.0	5,796,534.699	230	6784.14*
	Error rep	0.01	1077.318	290
Shape	Lineages	2.7	0.31	22	8.48*
	Trees	36.7	4.181	627	4.02*
	Leaves	36.5	4.202	2530	1.94*
	Reflections	0.1	0.009	11	0.96 ns
	(Lineages + trees + leaves) × reflections	23.8	2.723	3179	183.73*
	Error rep	0.26	0.03	6380

Reflections, directional asymmetry; (lineages + trees + leaves) × reflections, fluctuating asymmetry; error rep, digitizing error; %VAR, percentage of variance explained by each effect; SS, sum of squares; d.f., degrees of freedom; F, F values; *P < 0.0001; ns, non-significant

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