Table 7 Results of tests of the association of symmetric component, asymmetric component and leaf size on the total sample with several individual predictor variables, using the dbRDA multivariate F-statistic. %VAR, percentage of variance explained by each variable; F, F values; ***P < 0.001; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05

Marginal (all variables)

Latitude

1.97

0.107

3.7

3.06

0.016*

20.2

0.15

0.699

0.08

Longitude

4.48

0.003**

8.3

5.68

0.003**

37.3

0.02

0.885

0.01

Altitude

2.9

0.043*

5.4

1.96

0.103

12.9

1.2

0.307

0.6

PC1

1.97

0.095

3.7

0.85

0.496

5.6

1.24

0.254

0.6

PC2

8.59

0.001***

15.9

0.31

0.905

2

15.94

0.001***

8.3

PC3

0.87

0.411

1.6

0.71

0.556

4.7

0.04

0.849

0.02

BIO03

2.22

0.072

4.1

1.42

0.207

9.3

0.04

0.82

0.02

PREC12

2.35

0.067

4.3

0.31

0.915

2.1

0.07

0.782

0.04

WIND03

25.74

0.001***

47.7

0.25

0.954

1.6

72.45

0.001***

37.8

BIO17

2.82

0.038

5.2

0.65

0.647

4.3

12.61

0.001***

6.6

Conditional (climate + genetics)

Latitude

1.97

0.107

7.9

4.57

0.005**

35.1

0.15

0.685

0.08

Longitude

4.48

0.005**

17.8

3.21

0.027*

24.6

0.02

0.893

0.01

Altitude

2.9

0.027*

11.5

0.48

0.768

3.7

1.2

0.26

0.6

Conditional (geography + climate)

PC1

0.93

0.406

3.7

0.85

0.47

6.5

1.21

0.263

0.6

PC2

6.07

0.002**

24.1

0.31

0.908

2.3

11.62

0.001***

6.1

PC3

0.5

0.746

2

0.71

0.568

5.5

0

0.96

0

Conditional (geography + genetics)

BIO03

2.59

0.046*

10.3

1.5

0.185

11.5

0.37

0.545

0.2

PREC12

1.8

0.129

7.2

0.35

0.87

2.7

0.47

0.517

0.2

WIND03

2.57

0.062

10.2

0.3

0.905

2.3

2.2

0.146

1.1

BIO17

1.33

0.235

5.3

0.75

0.551

5.8

5.54

0.025*

2.9