Table 6 Magnitude and incidence of bow, crook and twist defects in lumber from logs under different treatments and different tree heights of Hieronyma alchorneoides from the fast-growth plantation

0.0–2.5

Untreated

25

14.5^A (46.1)

88.0

7.9^A (67.8)

96.0

1.7^A (59.6)

8.0

Heating_treatment

36

11.8^B (53.9)

72.2

6.5^A (35.2)

97.2

2.0^A (50.2)

11.1

Steaming_treatment

69

11.4^B (53.8)

79.7

7.2^A (47.2)

92.8

2.9^A (10.0)

1.5

2.5–5.0

Untreated

24

14.7^A (39.4)

75.0

6.6^A (41.0)

91.7

2.7^A (10.0)

4.2

Heating_treatment

29

10.4^B (82.4)

86.2

6.2^A (48.3)

86.2

0.9^B (101.9)

13.8

Steaming_treatment

36

10.3^B (48.0)

66.7

7.1^A (60.7)

88.9

0.0 (0.0) ^B

0.0

5.0–7.5

Untreated

24

16.2^A (52.7)

100.0

10.9^A (37.7)

100.0

1.9^A (53.7)

16.7

Heating_treatment

16

11.1^B (65.1)

81.3

5.2^B (44.1)

100.0

1.7^A (60.4)

12.5

Steaming_treatment

13

13.0^B (46.8)

61.5

7.7^B (55.0)

92.3

0.0 (0.0) ^A

0.0

7.5–10.0

Untreated

11

22.9^A (51.6)

90.9

6.6^A (45.3)

90.9

5.5^A (31.4)

18.2

Heating_treatment

13

14.4^B (56.4)

84.6

3.8^B (42.2)

69.2

1.5^B (68.6)

30.8

Steaming_treatment

7

13.6^B (45.8)

100.0

3.6^B (34.0)

100.0

3.3^B (10)

28.6