Table 1 Plot and tree characteristics at different sites and stages along the forest expansion gradient

Maranchón

Long

2

59

0.58

0.17

0.6

0.5

115

14

50

19

24

15

6

1.9

5.5

2

2.4

1.8

(41.06, − 2.20)

Transition

3

86

0.84

0.32

0.6

0.5

71

29

33

13

15

9

4.1

1.2

4.2

1.4

2.4

1.7

Expanding

1

30

1.35

0.7

0.5

32

26

8

11

5

3.8

0.7

3.8

1

2

1.1

Ribarredonda

Long

2

56

0.42

0.03

0.6

0.5

125

9

46

14

21

10

5.7

1.4

4.9

1.7

2.4

1.9

(40.87, − 2.30)

Transition

1

28

0.35

0.7

0.4

123

26

10

12

8

4.6

1.5

3.6

1.8

1.5

1.1

Expanding

2

48

0.83

0.2

0.8

0.4

49

8

28

12

12

7

4.4

1.2

3.8

1.3

1.6

1.1

Huertahernando

Long

1

29

0.6

0.6

0.5

89

33

11

23

10

5.5

1.1

6

1.4

3

2

(40.83, − 2.28)

Transition

2

58

1

0.5

0.6

0.5

68

34

30

14

18

9

4.9

1.3

5

1.5

2.5

1.5

Expanding

2

57

1.8

0.05

0.6

0.5

22

1

23

7

14

7

4.1

1.1

4.4

1.5

1.7

1.1